Book Review Built to Last - 4076 Words

Book Summary: Built To Last Built To Last by James Collins Jerry Porras What has enabled some corporations to last so long, while other competitors in the same markets either struggle to get by, or fade away after a short period of time? This is the major question that Mrs Collins and Porras try to answer. They took a look at 18 well known, well established and healthy companies (visionaries), and compared them to a counterpart in their specific area of business. They analyzed all the information they could get their hands on, compiled it, and looked at it to try to find patterns both between the visionary companies and their counterparts, as well as among the visionary companies themselves. The result of all of this is a set of†¦show more content†¦Most top executives were too busy building the clock and innovating to do extensive PR work that would promote themselves. †¢ No Great Idea Needed to Start a Company. - Many of the companies founders did not start the company with a set idea. The best example given in the test is Hewlett-Packard. Both of these friends did not have an idea for what their product would be before starting their business. They tried making a few interesting products until they developed a piece of military hardware that caused their business to start growing. The above summary has been provided to you compliments of The Vance Caesar Group - Premier Leadership Coaching The Clock Builders Tale Creating Organizations that Take a Licking and Keep on Ticking James Collins began his morning Masters Forum session February 21 by reading the minutes of the first official meeting of a new business. The three principals had no specific product in mind when they formed the company, just vague ideas about industries with potential. But they talked about what kind of company they wanted to be, and agreed to have regular meetings once a month, just like this one. It was dull. Nearly everyone in the audience gave the fledgling organization little chance of making a dent in the business world. But the business the three men were starting that day, August 23rd, 1937, not only made a dent. It went on to become one of the best-known, best-run, longest-livedShow MoreRelatedBook Review Success Built to Last3070 Words   |  13 PagesBOOK REVIEW SUCCESS BUILT TO LAST: Creating A Life That Matters By Jerry Porras, Stewart Emery, and Mark Thompson Summary Success Built to Last builds on over 200 interviews with highly successful people to discern patterns on how they define success and how they achieved it. The authors spoke to remarkable people that were trimmed down from initial thousand lists to hundreds who were able to sustain success for over a 20 year period. The interviewees were Nobel Laureates, Pulitzer, GrammyRead More A Clockwork Orange, by Stanley Kubrick Essay example1522 Words   |  7 Pagestheres something wrong with a movie when the last third feels like the last half† (Rogerebert.com). The audience reactions all seem to say the same thing: â€Å"Brilliant movie†, â€Å"a gem of an art piece†, â€Å"sensational†, â€Å"the number one film of all time on my charts†(IMDb Reviews), with many claiming that it has to be watched more than once to truly appreciate the film. The movie has earned a 91% Certified Fresh rating on www.rottentomatoes.com, a movie review website. According to Film Critic JeremiahRead MoreDavid Albert s The New York Times863 Words   |  4 PagesUniversity in Tempe, Arizona. Dr. Krauss wrote a book called A Universe from Nothing where he stated that religion is now irrelevant because science can now prove that something can come from nothing. Dr. Albert read and wrote a scathing review of the book for the New York Times, stating that the title is devastating and in no way can we prove that something can come from nothing. For starters, Dr. Albert is an atheist and believes that this book is arguing for his views of religion, but doing soRead MoreA Review of an Idiot Abroad728 Words   |  3 Pagestelevision series ‘An Idiot Abroad’. The book not only re-tells the TV series, but also sports new, unseen parts from the series and offers a fresh, simple perspective on the ‘Seven Wonders of the World’. I think it’s reasonable to say that those who find themselves reading this book will have seen the Sky1 series, ‘An Idiot Abroad’ of which this book accompanies and thus, not much of an introduction to Karl is required. However for the purpose of this review, Karl Pilkington is an English televisionRead MoreFederalism Vs. Judicial Review899 Words   |  4 Pagesto mind. In fact federalism played a huge role in the start of individual rights. Along with federalism, judicial review was one of the initial startups of individual rights with Supreme Court cases that will be later mentioned. Federalism and judicial review paved the way for the start up and stability of individual rights. Before the analysis of how federalism and judicial review plays a part in individual rights, one must know what exactly they are. Federalism is a system that spreads the powersRead MoreResearch Methodology For The Field Of Exploration1160 Words   |  5 Pagesgeneral nature of your exploration, and, at last, the legitimacy of your discoveries and conclusions. Literature Review A literature review reviews books, academic articles, and some other sources significant to a specific issue, region of examination, or hypothesis, and by so doing, gives a portrayal, synopsis, and basic assessment of these works in connection to the exploration issue being researched. Literature reviews are intended to give a review of sources you have investigated while lookingRead MoreMission Statement : Adjustable Healthcare Facilities1198 Words   |  5 Pagesshould be match the units and expansion in the future. It should be a sustainable, adjustable and effective project. Researches in Modular Construction Healthcare Design. A Review of Literature In the past 15 years, modular constructions are widely used in all kinds of new buildings. Architects prefer the way of built and design because of the sustainable and economic performances. Also, it is an ideal way to improve the variability of a project significantly to adjust to the development ofRead MoreThe Project Is Fine Tuning Work Done From Previous Course Work?1215 Words   |  5 Pagesprevious course work. There is buffer for more time that can be built into this section, but it is important to not begin the project by immediate consumption of buffer for unforeseen issues that may arise throughout the project. Literature Review: The literature review is a significant section of the capstone project. This section requires significant work and research. It is important to recognize that the literature review is not a book report, or an abstract of literature that was read for theRead MoreMy Own Boswell : Memoirs Of M. Hidayatullaha1390 Words   |  6 Pages COMMUNICATIVE ENGLISH PROJECT ON BOOK REVIEW Of MY OWN BOSWELL: MEMOIRS OF M. HIDAYATULLAHA BY SURVI SINHA 14B152 Book Review MY OWN BOSWELL: MEMOIRS OF M. HIDAYATULLAHA by M. Hidayatullah. ISBN: 978-81-7534-260-6 Publication year 2011 Pages: 304 Price Rs. 295/- Published By Universal Law Publishing Company Private Limited G.T. Karnal Road, New Delhi- 110033, India Reviewed by Survi Sinha* Read MoreThe Odyssey Book vs. Movie Version1022 Words   |  5 Pagesdrinking soda would sound much more appealing than reading a book by the fire at night while drinking a frappucino from Starbucks. Now, producers and directors would take successful and famous stories and adapt it into a movie. Sometimes, they would succeed, with examples being the Harry Potter series, which received mainly positive reviews from both critics and the audience. However, most of the time these people would unknowingly butcher the book based movie by taking out many important characters and

What Is The Purpose Of Education Essay - 1419 Words

What is the Purpose of Education? The purpose of education in any society is to pass down the skills and knowledge required to live within society. Depending on the amount and quality of the education you receive, you can build any life for yourself. Although this can be very positive and uplifting, it can also be negative and detrimental, depending on the society that you live in. Education can help people living in oppressive situations with no hope to realize their potential and change their life. However, it can also keep people complacent, blind to their potential, and hopeless. An authoritarian government uses education to oppress its people. In an authoritarian society, the government has total control over almost all if not all facets of life for its citizens (lec). For the government to be able to stay in power with as little opposition as possible they use education, as it is one of the strongest influences. Education in an authoritarian state would be from a positivist perspective. A positivist characterizes knowledge as a thing, more specifically facts and evidence (Hinchey, 35). A classroom with an authoritarian society would look like a traditional American classroom. The room would be plain with no decorations, seats would be in rows, and the teacher would be in the front. There would be no real student teacher relationship. The only thing that would be heard in the classroom would be the teacher. The teachers’ job would be to present facts and the studentsShow MoreRelatedEssay on What Is the Purpose of Education?610 Words   |  3 Pagese ach of us has to have a proper education. We learn how to read, count and write. These are the basic abilities we acquire and use during our life. Is there any other purpose of education or it is aimed only at giving us a possibility to communicate our ideas and satisfy basic needs? During centuries, there were different interpretations of the purpose of education. Many scientists, pedagogues and philosophers tried to answer the question: what is the purpose of education? Taking into consideration theRead MoreDifferent Perspectives On What The Role And Purpose Of Education1387 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many different perspectives on what the role and purpose of education is. Both Functionalists and Marxists believe that the education system prepares young people for work and their work roles. However, they disagree on how education does this. Functionalists believe we live in a meritocratic society, where occupational positions, jobs and pay are allocated on the basis of an individual’s talent, ability and merit. A major difference in view is that Marxists would refute the theory thatRead MoreWhat Are The Two Interrelated Purposes Of Gifted Education? Essay849 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 8 Review: Dakota Childers Richards 1/2/16 Creativity I: The Creative Person, Creative Process, and Creative Dramatics. 1. What are the two interrelated purposes of gifted education? Explain their significance. a. To help these children and adolescents become more self-actualized. b. To better enable them to make creative contributions to society. i. Creativity outperforms good grades and high IQ’s. There is a place for creativity in all domains of life. 2. Explain the historic theoriesRead MoreIn What Ways Did the Nazis Use Education of Young People for Their Own Purposes.944 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1933, Hitler said, â€Å"When an opponent declares, â€Å"I will not join you,† I calmly say, â€Å"Your child belongs to us already. What are you? You will pass away and your descendants now stand in a new camp†. The Nazis uused the education of young people to indoctrinate them and to create soldiers who would later go on to fight for the Reich. Education was carried out not just at school but in youth movements. The Nazis understood that adults were harder to influence than children, so indoctrinating theRead MorePurpose of Education Essay669 Words   |  3 PagesEssay: The Purpose of Education Everyday we go to school to receive our education, but what is the purpose of education? Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s speech, â€Å"The Purpose of Education† and Frank O’Connor’s short story, â€Å"Christmas Morning,† both discuss what is the purpose of education. The purpose of education is to acknowledge not only one’s intelligence, but also one’s character, provide one with the ability to make decisions and achieve their goals. One of the purposes of education is to acknowledgeRead MoreUnderstanding the purpose of american public education Essay1062 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding the Purpose of American Public Education American public education has undergone a dramatic transformation over the past several hundred years. This transformation not only includes technology and appearance, but diversity and policies as well. However, an age-old question is still being pondered today. What is the purpose of American public education? Although you may have your own answer for this question; not everyone may agree with you. This is where the problem resides. How canRead MoreThe Importance Of The Personal Development For Citizenship Education1220 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of the Personal Development Purpose to Citizenship Education I believe there is an immense responsibility on a Social Studies teacher to develop good and responsible students who value their identity and citizenship. The Alberta Social Studies curriculum emphasizes that, â€Å"the dynamic relationship between citizenship and identity forms the basis for skills and learning outcomes in the program of studies† (Alberta Education 2005, p. 3). How a teacher chooses to explore the relationshipRead MoreThe Education Of The United States Essay854 Words   |  4 Pages The purpose of education in the United States has been designed to meet the changing needs of society, though never quite fast enough to fully reflect those changes. In its early history, American education reinforced the religious doctrines of the Puritan settlers. During the era of our founders, the purpose of education shifted to crafting democratic citizens. During the Industrial Revolution school became more about preparing students to be future workers, punching out stud ents on a pedagogicalRead MoreThe Myth of Equal Education Essay1727 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican education system. Although America claims to give an equal education to all, regardless of any external factors, economic class often plays a role in what type and how good of an education a student may receive. Since education is the basis for future success, this inequity resulting from socioeconomic status implies that this is where inequality in everyday life starts, and that the system generates this inequality. If this is true, then one might ask, what then is the purpose of educationRead MorePurpose Of Education Essay1642 Words   |  7 Pagesand money in getting a degree. I define Education as a way to help change the world, expand intellectuality and learn more about what I’m passionate about. Therefore, in this paper, I will discuss two purposes of an education. First, I will discuss how education can serve as a tool to raise awareness and change in the social injusti ces in the United States, using research from Martin Luther King Jr. and Olivia Castellano. Second, I will discuss how education is important for helping individuals to

The Colonies by 1763 a New Society Free Essays

Between the settlement at Jamestown in 1607 and the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the most important change that occurred in the colonies was the emergence of a society quite different from that in England. Changes in religion, economics, politics and social structure illustrate this Americanization of the transplanted Europeans. By 1763, although some colonies still maintained established churches, other colonies had accomplished a virtual revolution for religious toleration and separation of church and state. We will write a custom essay sample on The Colonies by 1763: a New Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now In England, the King, the head of state, is also the head of the Anglican Church, the Church of England. In the early colonial years, the Puritans had control of church and state in the northeast, mainly Massachusetts. The leaders were strict and church and state were inseparable. But during the 1730’s to the 1740’s, the Great Awakening arose and led to a decline in Puritan tradition. The Great Awakening was lead by Johnathan Edwards and George Whitefield and brought about an increase in religious freedom and many new churches.The Great Awakening also led to an increase of separation of church and state. The Great Awakening was only possible because the youth didn’t view religion as seriously as their predecessors. Also, the church’s power in government was weakened so they couldn’t enforce religious duties upon anyone. The Colonies had differed themselves from England religiously by being more tolerant. In a similar economic revolution, the colonies outgrew their mercantile relationship with the mother country and developed an expanding capitalist system.The colonies originally were a tool for England to collect resources and to expand its resources. This was because England believed in mercantilism. Mercantilism is the belief that there is a set amount of wealth in the world. The colonies began to trade with other nations and colonies without England’s permission because the distance between the colonies and the mother country was enormous and made communication difficult. During salutary neglect, England did not concern itself with this, but after the French-Indian War, it needed to raise funds, so it began imposing its will upon the colonies. Several unfavorable acts in the colonies were the Stamp Act, the Sugar Act, and the Tea Act. By this time, the colonies already had a self sufficient economy and England’s intrusion was hurting that economy. They were able to become self sufficient because during the salutary neglect they were forced to take care of themselves. They had developed a free market and England imposing the Stamp, Sugar, and Tea Acts was creating monopolies. The colonies were the opposites of England economically by 1763.Building on English foundations of political liberty, the colonists extended the concepts of liberty and self-government far beyond those envisioned in the mother country. During the period of salutary neglect, the colonists could not depend on England for government help because they were not represented in Parliament and because communication was difficult due to the Atlantic Ocean. The colonists had to learn to make decisions on their own, which prepared them to be independent. The colonists could govern themselves because the English weren’t paying attention to them.They also were forced to make decisions and laws for themselves. By the time the period of salutary neglect was finished, the colonists already were able to govern themselves. This is how the colonies had separated itself politically from England. In contrast to the well-defined and hereditary classes of England, the colonies developed a fluid class structure. Women had managed to change their status socially. Marriage was more of a means of transferring wealth than a romantic ceremony in those days. Women began getting more power in their family, although they still had little say in their government.They got this say in the family life because it was their job to care for the house and to raise the children. In Europe, they were still seen as more of a possession than a partner. Also, it was much easier for people to change classes. In England, you were born into the class you would remain in your whole life. In the colonies, one could change their social status through hard work and persistence because there was no autocracy in the colonies. No one person had absolute power. England was also different than the colonies socially.By the year 1763, the colonies already had a different society than that in England. Religiously, the colonies were much more tolerant. In terms of the economy, the two societies formed different views. The colonists were capitalist and the English were mercantilists. The colonists were also opposed to the idea of monarchy. They supported forms of democracy. Lastly, the colonies were more liberal than the mother country socially. It allowed for more flexibility in the social structure. By 1763, the colonies were already a different society from England. How to cite The Colonies by 1763: a New Society, Papers

Multiple Levels of Corporate Sustainability for Journal of Business Et

Question: Discuss about a Report on Multiple Levels of Corporate Sustainability for Journal of Business Ethics ? Answer: Introduction Development of sustainable construction is defined as the growth which meets the requirements of the present without compromising the capability of future generations to meet their own desires. Sustainable construction strategy is defined is the need to find a steadiness between the designing features such as commercial, environmental and social factors in the construction and use of building. Economy Cost Value of the whole life of engineering Capital vs revenue Environment Minimize exhaustion of the natural resources, prevention of pollution and R3 Social Fit for determination Meeting habitation Support local budget Minimize trouble to local populations Fig. 1: Requirements of Sustainable construction Strategy In United Kingdom almost half of the total carbon emission is due to the buildings(Sustainable Construction). The construction of buildings consumes about, a quarter of all raw materials, one third of landfill excess and a half of the total water consumption used in the economy. The construction strategy is required to drive the sustainable development outline. Need for Sustainable construction strategy A strategy for sustainable construction(BERR, 2008) has been published by the government of United Kingdom. The main points are as follows: Change in climate conditions reduce up to 60% of the CO2 emission by 2050;Energy all non-domestic buildings to be zero carbon by 2019;Water introduction of more efficient water fittings standards;Waste up to 50% reduction in waste sent to landfill by 2012 (based on 2008);Materials minimize ecological and communal effects, for example reduce the use sustainable sources such astimber by April 2009;Lack of fulfillment of public promises, administrative will and message delivery;Environment and economy related issues are not transparent for most of the situations. The different interests and the life span viewpoints of the actors: aims to have long lasting products and sustainable activity; Unawareness and the ignorance of the requirements of the sustainable construction. For example: banks are unable to distinguish the sustainable and not sustainable construction buildings at the time of approval of the loan. Ignorance of the suitable technology and more preferable tools due to th e unfamiliarity about the latest technology. False assumption about the sustainable construction for example assuming that the construction is costly and biased.No united attitude of the actors, for example all performers dont work towards the same aim.Unavailability of technical and commercial systems, tools and standards to assure the availability of the materials for the productivity. Set up a start a sincere marketplace of sustainable construction.be established on the standards of supportable advancement ensure a procedure of persistent changebe fit for succeeding, on the premise of characterized achievement components Social costs = private costs + external costs Social benefits = private benefits + external benefits. Sustainability Criteria focus on these points also: Resource depletion In the process of production resource depletion is an essential part in market resources or non-market resources. There is a two way relationship between the economic growth market and the natural resources. It refers all the natural resources, atmosphere and the climate, it influences among the valuable resources because climate change is the complex issue to solve Environmental degradation Environmental degradation occurs due to the depletion of natural resources such as water, soil and air; the damage of ecologies and the loss of wildlife. Environmental conditions consider the energy use, resources waste and their recycling, pollution and harmful constituents, clinical changes and global warming issues, land utilization and conservation and reduction of the waste of construction building. Healthy environment Healthy working environment is the essential requirement of the sustainable construction strategy. This point consider the points: development of less destructive environmental sites, energy conservation environment development, utilization of solar energy, maximum use of low emitting materials and absorption of recycled materials. Multistory building construction strategy The principles of Building design construction creates (Building planning and Massing, 2010) a plan for the selection of material for building, manufacturing related difficulties, from gathering raw materials to manufacturing process, manufacturing distribution and installation of construction setup and ultimate recycling or disposal. Construction of building is divided into three phases: Pre-Building; Building; and Post-Building. The Pre-Building Process portrays the generation and conveyance procedure of a material up to, yet excluding, the purpose of establishment. This incorporates finding crude materials in nature and separating, assembling, bundling, and transportation to a building site. This stage has the most potential for creating ecological harm. Understanding the ecological effects in the pre-building stage will prompt the insightful determination of material for building. Crude material acquisition strategies, the assembling procedure itself, and the separation from the assembling area to the building site all have ecological results. A consciousness of the starting points of material for building is critical to a comprehension of their aggregate ecological effect when communicated as a building(Growing Green, Boosting the bottom line with sustainable business practices, 2008). The Building Process alludes to a material for building obliging life. This stage starts at the purpose of gathering the material into a structure, incorporates the upkeep and mending of the material, what's more, stretches out for the duration of the materials lifetime inside or as the building feature. Development: The solid waste created on the site of development building can be significant. The choice of material for decreased development waste for the development of building, and the reusable waste, is discriminating in this period of life cycle of the building. Use/Maintenance: Introduction to particular material for building for a long time may be dangerous to the security of the tenants of the building. Indeed, even with a developing consciousness of the ecological well -being matters regarding presentation to specific items, there is little accentuation by and by or schools on picking materials in view of their potential for gassing hazardous compounds, obliging continuous maintenance with such compounds, or obliging continuous substitutions that tolerate the cycle of presentation. The raw materials after their utility in a building have expired. The Post-Building process is the process that reuses the entire material its components have recycled back into other products, or be discarded. The least reflected and understood phase of construction strategy occurs when the usefulness of the material for building has been drained from the perspective of the designer. Toxic wastes might be produced by the degradation of materials. Most of the landfill spaces are gradually increasing due to the consumption of inert components. The adaptive reuse of an existing structure conserves the energy that went into its materials and construction. Case Study Two blocks of a multistory building with 10 and 7 stories.A block of 3 story officeKey points of the construction building:Requirement of swimming pool.Integrated system design to reduce energy consumption, lower evaporation rate and saving of water.Initial foundation work: Team individuals grow unpleasant issues to make a typical seeing on issues including environmental frameworks, vitality frameworks, water frameworks, material assets, expertise assets and development. Workshops: Team individuals meet up to think about thoughts, set execution objectives and offer skill as an one durable group of co-architects. E.g. objectives on sun oriented warmth pick up diminishment, vitality sparing, water sparing, water reusing, and so on. Research Evaluation: Team individuals take a shot at their particular issues refining the investigation, testing options, collaborating and creating thoughts in littler or centered gatherings. Final stage outline: Finalized documentation turns into the pr emise for further plan advancement work by colleagues at the followMarrewijk, M., Werre, M. (2003). Multiple Levels of Corporate Sustainability. Journal of Business Ethics, 107-119. References: Working Group Sustainable construction methods and Techniques. (2004). Background Paper for the Stakeholder Platform Event. Brussels. BERR. (2008). Retrieved from www.southampton.ac.uk/susdev/documents/sustainable_construction.pdf. Growing Green, Boosting the bottom line with sustainable business practices. (2008). APICS Magazine. Building planning and Massing. (2010). The Centre for Sustainable Buildings and Construction. Singapore: Building and Construction Authority. Working Group SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND TECHNIQUES. (2012). Retrieved from ec.europa.eu/environment/.../stakeholder.../appendix7_wg_construction. Kim, J. J. (1998). Qualities, Use,and examples of Sustainable Building Materials. National Pollution Prevention Center for Higher Education. Strategy for sustainable construction. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.southampton.ac.uk/susdev/documents/sustainable_construction.pdf. Sustainable Construction. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.southampton.ac.uk/susdev/documents/sustainable_construction.pd.

Organizational Culture and the YMCA free essay sample

This paper explains the underlying philosophies of the YMCA organization. Created in response to the substandard living and working conditions that were an inevitable side effect of the Industrial Revolution, the YMCA today can be found in over 120 countries helping more than 30 million people. The paper begins with a brief history of the YMCA and then explains its organizational culture which is evident in every action and pursuit that it has undertaken. It then discusses the changes that the organization has undergone. Established in London, England on June 6th, 1844 the Young Mens Christian Association, better known as the YMCA or simply the Y was born in response to the substandard living and working conditions that were an inevitable side effect of the Industrial Revolution. George Williams, the son of a farmer, immigrated to London 20 years following the Industrial Revolution and was appalled at the manner in which young workingmen were forced to live. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Culture and the YMCA or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Free Essays on Juvenille Delinquency

How do you combat juvenile delinquency when psychologists believe â€Å"much of the delinquency grows out of the adolescents need to rebel against the restrictions of the adult world?† You can’t dispose of adults. So why not eliminate adult restrictions? Yet, restrictions are imposed to offer to offer the framework for societal order. Without adult restrictions, all teenagers would be free to be delinquents. Yet, psychologists say the cause of delinquency stems from adult restrictions. Is this a double-edged sword? Or could you redirect or eliminate the adolescent need for rebellion? If so, you could curb delinquency. Most juvenile offenders go on to become chronic offenders. Male juvenile delinquents are more likely to commit violent or serious crimes like rape, murder and armed robbery (Pancratz, p.7). Obviously, this has a damaging effect on society. Whereas females tend to commit less serious crimes like shop lifting, teenage males are the lifelines for drug trafficking. By being the main consumers, they have an inside handle on the drug culture. As crack babies are born and robberies and murders are committed, it becomes more clear how their drug use has a negative effect on society. Teenagers under the influence of drugs become more violent and rebellious in a world of adult restrictions. Along with authority conflict, parents’ lack of quality time with their teenagers, divorced parents, alcoholic and abusive parents, inadequate schools, drugs and high unemployment create frustration in juveniles that turns to anger and eventually juvenile delinquency (Pancratz, p.7). The temptation of making easy money through drug trafficking is too hard to resist. In addition, boys have to deal with elevated levels of testosterone, machismo and a lack of boundaries. Girls have trouble dealing with poor social and economic status (Green and Stanford, p.162). They have a Cinderella attitude. They hope that someone will... Free Essays on Juvenille Delinquency Free Essays on Juvenille Delinquency How do you combat juvenile delinquency when psychologists believe â€Å"much of the delinquency grows out of the adolescents need to rebel against the restrictions of the adult world?† You can’t dispose of adults. So why not eliminate adult restrictions? Yet, restrictions are imposed to offer to offer the framework for societal order. Without adult restrictions, all teenagers would be free to be delinquents. Yet, psychologists say the cause of delinquency stems from adult restrictions. Is this a double-edged sword? Or could you redirect or eliminate the adolescent need for rebellion? If so, you could curb delinquency. Most juvenile offenders go on to become chronic offenders. Male juvenile delinquents are more likely to commit violent or serious crimes like rape, murder and armed robbery (Pancratz, p.7). Obviously, this has a damaging effect on society. Whereas females tend to commit less serious crimes like shop lifting, teenage males are the lifelines for drug trafficking. By being the main consumers, they have an inside handle on the drug culture. As crack babies are born and robberies and murders are committed, it becomes more clear how their drug use has a negative effect on society. Teenagers under the influence of drugs become more violent and rebellious in a world of adult restrictions. Along with authority conflict, parents’ lack of quality time with their teenagers, divorced parents, alcoholic and abusive parents, inadequate schools, drugs and high unemployment create frustration in juveniles that turns to anger and eventually juvenile delinquency (Pancratz, p.7). The temptation of making easy money through drug trafficking is too hard to resist. In addition, boys have to deal with elevated levels of testosterone, machismo and a lack of boundaries. Girls have trouble dealing with poor social and economic status (Green and Stanford, p.162). They have a Cinderella attitude. They hope that someone will...

The Relationship between Management and the Art of Rhetoric Research Paper

The Relationship between Management and the Art of Rhetoric - Research Paper Example The definition of rhetoric, as proposed by Aristotle, encompasses not only theoretical knowledge but also takes into account the practical and productive aspects of knowledge. The meaning of rhetoric has been taken to be the â€Å"art of expressive speech† for a very long time. Therefore, rhetoric can be an instrumental tool for people who engage in delivery of speeches and require effective speechmaking skills in their daily conduct. Speechmaking is an important tool in the kit of managers of an organization. Every day, managers have to engage in activities that require them to communicate with their employees. This may include designating tasks to employees and briefing them about their jobs, motivating employees to work harder, appreciating the accomplishments of the associates and subordinates as well as the organization as a whole, giving constructive criticism to the employees regarding their jobs and communicating with the stakeholders of the organization such as the public. It is essential for managers to learn the art of speechmaking so that they can communicate effectively. The job of a manager is such that he or she has to use persuasion often in communication. Persuasion can prove to be a very beneficial tool for the success of the individual manager, and hence the organization. Persuading a hardworking and resourceful employee to stay in the organization if he or she is planning to join any other comp any can retain the labor skills of the employee in the organization. Using persuasive speech in press releases to convince the public that the organization is actively engaged in environmental protection and sustainable development can go a long way in promoting the reputation of the organization.  

Tort law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Tort law - Essay Example The element of forseeability means that a reasonable person in the circumstances would have been able to anticipate that such damages could arise. In the case of Shoddy Contractors, they are professionals who are in the business of setting up light fixtures, therefore they would be expected to be reasonable conversant with the necessary procedures for doing so and dangers that could arise out of negligence. Therefore the element of foreseeability may be established in this case, since damages were likely to occur through negligent drilling of electrical wires, therefore workers should have been more careful. Secondly, the relationship of the parties may also be established in this case. While a duty of care may not arise or be owed to a particular claimant if that claimant was unforseeable2 in this case, Shoddy Contractors in installing street lights outside Maggie’s building owed a duty of care and had a relationship with all the clients in the building to whom it was providing a service. In some cases, a duty of care has not been imposed when it could have led to unduly defensive practices adopted by defendants to the extent of interfering with their performance of a public duty, for example in the case of Hill v CC of West Yorkshire.3 While in this case also, a public duty is being performed by Shoddy Contractors, nevertheless they would be expected to take minimum precautions in drilling through electrical wires and the event that occurred may be held violative of the duty of care. The actions of Shoddy Contractors in drilling through an electrical wire would qualify as a negligent act that occurred through the failure to take reasonable precautions. For example, in the case of Barrett v Ministry of Defence4 it was held that when a person undertakes to perform a task, he also assumed the duty to carry it out

The regulatory measures and reportorial standards pertaining to the Essay - 1

The regulatory measures and reportorial standards pertaining to the banking and financial services industry, in light of the subprime crisis and credit crunch of 2007-2008- Mohammed - Essay Example The Basel Committee on Bank Supervision has proposed a set of new regulations, primarily aimed at improving capital adequacy and quality to increase the resilience of the banking industry, and to adopt a set of liquidity measures and controls to stem the accumulation of risk that had caused the last crisis. The proposals were consulted with the bank and financial institutions as well as other interested parties in the finance industry, but despite the clamor for tighter regulations, the proposals were generally poorly received. This study determined that the reason for this lies in the proposals’ tendency to micro-manage, to emphasize quantity at the expense of quality, to adopt general standards for all banks indiscriminately despite their fundamental differences, to introduce distortions that create disinformation, and to model the proposed standards after severe stress conditions not even experienced during the crisis. The results are expected to be greater cost-inefficienc y, higher concentration risk, and poorer delivery of services by way of financial intermediation. Chapter 1 introduces the research and the context in which it is conceived, its main research question and the objectives it sought to answer in order to arrive at a conclusion responsive to the research question; as well as the manner it carried out this inquiry. It also explains the importance of conducting research on the topic, and the significance of the conclusion to be arrived at. The subprime mortgage crisis, strictly speaking, did not originate from the financial markets, but from the housing sector. If anything, the ultimate cause is traceable to faulty public policy on the manner of subsidizing housing for the lower income segments (Wachter, Pavlov & Pozsar, 2008). Logically, it should have affected the defaulting borrowers, the companies that enabled the mortgages, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and the government that has given its guarantee, whether implicit or

In A Moment Of Self Discovery English Literature Essay

In A Moment Of Self Discovery English Literature Essay In Henrik Ibsens A Doll House, Nora experiences a quick epiphany at the dà ©nouement of the play; this moves the plot forward into the resolution (at least for Nora). This final scene is compressed into Aristotles Theory of tragedy of a complex plot. The actions between Nora and Torvald surprise the audience in several manners, while continuing the story. The act of reading Krogstads second letter received by the maid contributes to preipeteia. This occurs because Krogstad produced a letter of amnesty, an effect opposite to which he intended to produce, originally wanting to expose Noras debt to him and longing for Helmers new job. This event expedites the next, anagnorisis, allowing Noras epiphany to take place, producing conflict between herself and Torvald. Noras new perspective places Torvald into confusion, trying to understand her personal revelation: HELMER (sitting at the table directly opposite her). You worry me, Nora. And I dont understand you. HELMER. How do you mean that? HELMER. Whats that?  [1]   The affect of a complex plot, or the cause-and-effect chain led to catastrophe. In terms of A Doll House, Nora leaves, slamming the door shut, abandoning the suffering Torvald; thus, bringing the complex plot to an ending. Antigone, in addition has a moment of anagnorisis in her final soliloquy of Sophocles Oedipus trilogy. She realizes that no one is there to save her from her metaphoric death, or literally the entombment. Seeking help from man and gods, she receives nothing but sympathetic feelings from the Theban elders; perhaps being victim of the Oedipus family curse. Having been abandoned by all, her personal dirge outlines her sacrifice for her brother, the hypothetical actions performed with a future husband (Haemon) and children, the love of her family, and a curse upon Creon. Acting upon the peripeteia of Creons punishment in the third episode, her soliloquy provides a chance of self-discovery in the next episode of the play. This chain of effects creates the catastrophe within Antigone, leading to Creons suffering of both Haemons and Eurydices death in the exodos. Antigones epiphany of loneliness affects the plot because of her own death and the curse set on Creon. His grievance over family suicides progresses the plot, feeling ashamed for all he has done. Comparing both tragedys they use anagnorisis in the female protagonists, later influencing plot. In Aristotles view, plot is most important priority of a tragedy. Seemingly, both plays use a complex plot structure in the lusis of action. Ibsen compresses this unravelling in the last ten pages of the tragedy, compared to Sophocles expanded over six separate scenes. The agency of self-discovery is defined as the change from ignorance to knowledge and Nora goes through a much more rational process than Antigone. Noras naivetà © stems from how she is treated as a woman. Her knowledge is gained through and used against Torvald, explaining her stream of consciousness before leaving the family. Noras epiphany has a smaller affect on character and plot outcome, as Antigones anagnorisis is overwhelming with the affects ranging for the rest of the play. At first, our Greek protagonist assumes that burying her brother Polynices is justifiable through the gods, however earthly laws state it is illegal. Therefore, when she is brought back to Creon to hear her final outcome, a life and death situation, her mindset changes. Accepting her actions and the chaotic environment around her, she kills herself so she can be with her loving family. Nora and Antigones anagnorisis leads to more actions, the catastrophe; however, it is Antigones reaction to it that stands out because it leads suicide. In addition, the effect of the female self-discovery affects their male opposite detrimentally. In A Doll House, Torvald is left sitting alone, bewildered. in contrast Creon is left with no family. His son and wife are dead. The use of anagnorisis in A Doll House and in Antigone develop the plot, but it is Sophocles Antigone that dramatizes the affect of self-discovery, leading to multiple deaths and Creons sorrow. Comparison between plot development/complexity Characterization with self-discovery Nora She wants a new life with a real meaning She can only have a real life outside of the house, Within the house she is trapped, she doesnt like Torvalds care for her Her epiphany stems from the way Torvald acts, and what he said He is not emotionally devoted to her But it devoted on how he can play with or handle her life, like the father Transforming into a new woman, with her new found independence She cannot stand being controlled anymore Characterization through inner thoughts and feelings that are expressed through dialogue Torvald initiates her stream of consciousness and reasoning She becomes stronger as an independent woman Challenging society and Torvald/rules The conflicting views of honour and women Antigone Her self-discovery only contains anagnorisis She realizes that she is alone and cannot be saved by anyone In normal spoken verse, a solliliquy is said by her Recollecting on the main thoughts on the tragedy of this play Burying her dead brother sending him to the underworld, in return she dies because of her unlawful actions Although respecting the gods, she didnt receive the same respect on earth Compare and Contrast the characterization effects Conlcusion!!!

American Pie :: Film Movies

American Pie The movie American Pie is about four high schoolers, close to graduating, determined not to carry their virginity's with them to college and so they make a pact to lose their virginity by prom night. The movie is directed by Paul Weitz and stars Jason Biggs, Chris Klein and Tara Reids and takes place around Michigan's East Great Falls High. The movie opens with student Jim (Jason Biggs) being caught by his parents pleasuring himself in a tube sock while trying to watch a scrambled broadcast on an adult channel. By the end of this movie, all four seniors would have lost their virginity somehow or the other, and as a result with it learning more about themselves, their friendships, love, romance and the opposite sex. The movie showed a lot of different aspects of high school life and for the most part, some of the characters in it could remind the audience of some high school buddies. It had everything from diarrhea, vomiting, voyeurism, premature ejaculation, the drinking of beer with a sperm chaser and even a scene about masturbation with an apple pie. As controversial as those seem it didn't stop teenagers from flocking to the theaters to go see it. Summarizing the reviews of three critics will show that each critic had a lot of the same positive and the few negative views, but they all enjoyed it and the message it sent out to the audience. Movie critic Catherine Ranfold said "Finally, a really good teen flick!" She mentioned about all the gross gags used in the movie and still had some more praising to do. The critic noted how the film was "vulgar, raunchy, innocent, rude, funny and incredibly sweet- much like high school" (Ranfold). It reminded viewers of their high school days with the party goers and the so called nerds. She also found the portrayal of girls in the movie refreshing, because they were "more than objects of desire." She described her memories on the sexual dominance of females over the males because it was the females who choose who they would lose their virginity too and "That's something that's bang in the film." Comparing the movie American Pie to others in the past such as "Animal house" and last year's hit "Something about Mary" is something critic Todd McCarthy mostly talked about. As McCarthy put it " Last year's semen in the hair [ Something about Mary] has been replaced by semen in someone's beer.

Constitution Laws Essay

People Alexander Hamilton- saved convention in Maryland from failure by engineering the adoption of his report; called upon congress to summon a convention in Philadelphia next year not to deal with commerce; His speech on his plan= 1 delegate convinced; Joined John Jay & Madison in writing The Federalist George Washington- elected chairman by demand; said, â€Å"We have probably had too good an opinion of human nature in forming our Confederation† Ben Franklin- added the urbanity of an elder statesman though he was inclined to be indiscreetly talkative in his decline years; the convention assigned chaperones to Franklin to make sure he held his tongue James Madison- made contributions so notable = â€Å"The father of the constitution† ; wrote federalist #1 and refuted that it is impossible to extend republican form of government over large territory Thomas Jefferson, John Adams and Thomas Paine- absent in convention because they were in Europe Sam Adams and John Hancock- were absent because not elected by Mass. Patrick Henry- not at convention because he was chosen by Virginia but declined to serve; professed to fee in fearsome doc. the death warrant of liberty Dey of Algiers- drove delegates to their work to their work; was a founding father Daniel Shays- frightened the conservative minded delegates; the specter of the recent outburst in Mass was alarming & now another founding father Lord Sheffield- British mercantilists spurred constitution framers to their task; Also a founding father Events Annapolis Convention – nine states appointed delegates but only five appointed – fix issue on commerce by Alexander Hamilton Congress calls another Convention- reluctant but called then called to revise the Articles of Confederation; most Revolutionary leaders of 1776 absent Philadelphia Convention May 25-September 17,1787- only 42 of original 55 members remained to sign Constitution (3 refused & returned to resist ratification) Large State Plan- pushed as the framework of the constitution; its essence was that representation in both houses of a bicameral congress should be based on population (large states have advantage) Small State Plan- included VA & NJ; provided equal representation in a unicameral congress by states, regardless of size & population under the AOC Great Compromise- hammered out & agreed upon; large states represented by population in HOR; each state no matter how big or small had 2 senators End of 1807- slave trade turned off but only Georgia allowed Elections held to for members in states to of the ratifying convention- feds or antis were elected on a basis of their pledge for/against the Constitution; Penn first state to accept constitution; Mass provided acid test- if failed the constitution would be bogged down Boston Ratifying Convention- the absence of the bill of rights feared anti- federalist but federalists assured them that the 1st congress would add such a safeguard by amendment Constitution adopted June 21, 1788- 9 states expect VA,NY,NC & Ohio ratified the constitution Virginia ratified Constitution- Virginia ratified Constitution—provided fierce anti-federalist opposition; George Washington, James Madison, and John Marshall (federalists) lent influential support; could not continue as an independent state because the new Union was going to be formed anyway New York Ratified the Constitution- realized it cannot be an independent state & prosper away from the union; approved 32 proposed amendments; issued a call for another convention to modify the Constitution Convention met in North Carolina—adjourned without taking a vote Rhode Island rejected the Constitution—did not summon a ratifying convention; rejected by popular referendum Documents The Federalist- John Jay, Madison, and Hamilton write series of articles for New York news; designed as propaganda but remained most penetrating commentary ever written in Constitution Laws Constitution – provided for a strong, independent executive in presidency (president= military chief, have wide powers of appointment to domestic offices, & have veto power over leg.); plenty of compromises ( electing president by indirect by electoral college); would become the supreme law of the land in the states ratifying; adopted on June 21, 1788; reconcild principles of liberty & order 3/5s Compromise- the consituttion questioned if slaves counted as a person in direct taxes; decided slaves counted as 3/5 of a person Articles of Confederation- delegates decided to rid of the old confederation, despite explicit instruction from Congress to revise ; these spirits were determined to overthrow the government in the US by peaceful means Ideas Strengthen Republic (republicanism) – delegates hoped to crystallize idealism into a stable political structure; wanted a firm, strong, & respected government; determined to preserve the union, forestall anarchy, and ensure security of life and property against dangerous uprisings; sought to curb the unrestrained democracy rampant in the states Conservatism- safeguards= erected against mob- rule excesses while republican gains of Revolution= conserved Rid of AOC- determined to overthrow the government of US by peaceful means (see events) Manhood suffrage democracy- convention was unanimous in believing in this; government by democratic babblers (feared & fought) Presidency (president) – a president should be a military chief and have wide of power of appointment to domestic offices;& have veto power over legislation Groups State Legislatures – chose leaders whose members had been elected by voters who could qualify as property holders for the convention that revised the AOC Demigods- the caliber of the participants= extradinary high elected GW as chairman 55 delegates at the convention- 95% owned slaves; young but experienced statesmen; nationalists interesting in preserving/ strengthening the young republic; preserved the union, forestall anarchy, & ensure security of life & property Travel-stained delegates- reached Philadelphia and decided to scrap the old AOC House of Representative- represented the larger states by population; every tax bill and revenue must originate in the house; were citizens permitted to choose officials by direct vote Senate – made smaller states have equal representation; each had to senators Members of the constitutional convention- saw eye-to-eye; they demanded money & protection of private property; favored a stronger government with 3 branches Conservative minded delegates – erected safeguards against the excesses of the mob & made strong barriers Anti- Federalists- opposed stronger federal government; were arrayed against the the feds.; wanted to steal back power; leaders: Sam Adams, Patrick Henry, & Richard Henry Lee; believed sovereignty of people resided in the legislative Federalists- favored the new Constitution; had power & influence; support of George Washington and Franklin; wealthier/ more educated and organized then antifederalists; controlled the press; contender every branch, executive, judiciary, & legislative; thought by settling the drifting ship of state on steady course, they could restore economic & political stability Militant minority of conservatives- Engineered the peaceful revolution that overthrow the inadequate constitution= AOC

How to Get a Perfect 12 on the ACT Writing Essay

How to Get a Perfect 12 on the ACT Writing Essay SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips There is no part of the ACT more mysterious to students than the essay, and very few people seem to know what exactly the ACT is looking for in a "perfect" essay (particularly since September 2015 was the new ACT Writing test's debut). Luckily, we've got the expertise to give you some insight into how the essay works and what you can do to push your score those extra few points up the scale. Whether you're trying to impress your dream school or just want to boost your ACT score, the essay is a great thing to work on. Some of the tips below stand alone, while others are part of larger categories that have been assembled based our ACT expertise. Important: If you haven't read these two other ACT Writing guides before, take a minute and read them now: The ACT Writing Rubric: Analysis, Explanation, and Strategies How to Write an ACT Essay, Step by Step This will make the rest of the article make more sense. Part I: What a 12 on the ACT Essay Means If you're already scoring an 8 or above in every domain on practice (or real) ACT essays, you have a shot at completely nailing what the graders want, represented by a score of 12, with a little practice. But there's something important to remember in your quest for perfection: on the ACT essay, a 12 is not always achievable. We've got good news and bad news for those of you who are determined to know how to get a 12 on the ACT essay. The Big Secret You'll have to practice this specific essay. The perfect ACT essay is like a puzzle that happens to be in writing form- it can be mastered, but to do it well and completely every time requires a few month's practice. Knowing how to write other kinds of essays will only help you a limited amount. The Bad News Because the whole essay must be written in 40 minutes, getting a 12 requires some luck. You have to pick a thesis and think of relevant and convincing evidence to support it before you can even start writing, so a lot depends on how quickly you can decided on a point of view and relevant support for whatever the prompt happens to be. And because perfect-scoring essays are almost always at least two pages long, you won't have any time to spare. The Good News Because the essay is so formulaic, it's always possible to get at least a 10 in each domain. And, on top of this, no college worth its salt is going to base your college admission on getting those last two points on an essay you had to write in 40 minutes. The goal, really, is to show that you can write a decent essay in that time, and a 10 in each domain shows that just as well as a 12 does. Part II: The Difference Between a 10 and a 12 If we asked the ACT what the difference is between a 10 and a 12 ACT essay, they would direct us to their scoring criteria (replicated in the table below) that describes the difference between the 5 and 6 essay scores in each domain. As you may already know, a total domain score of 12 comes from two readers separately giving your essay a 6; the four domain scores are then averaged to calculate your total essay score of 12. We've marked the differences between the 5 and 6 criteria in bold. Later, we'll look at these differences in the context of a sample essay. Score of 5 (10) Score of 6 (12) Major Differences Responses at this scorepoint demonstrate well-developed skill in writing an argumentative essay. Responses at this scorepoint demonstrate effective skill in writing an argumentative essay. Ideas and Analysis The writer generates an argument that productively engages with multiple perspectives on the given issue. The argument’s thesis reflects precision in thought and purpose. The argument establishes and employs a thoughtful context for analysis of the issue and its perspectives. The analysis addresses implications, complexities and tensions, and/or underlying values and assumptions. The writer generates an argument that critically engages with multiple perspectives on the given issue. The argument’s thesis reflects nuance and precision in thought and purpose. The argument establishes and employs an insightful context for analysis of the issue and its perspectives. The analysis examines implications, complexities and tensions, and/or underlying values and assumptions. The 6 essay gives a more specific and logically precise context. The thesis and argument show a deep understanding of the issue, while the analysis not only mentions, but also inspects the complexities and implications of the issue. Development and Support Development of ideas and support for claims deepen understanding. A mostly integrated line of purposeful reasoning and illustration capably conveys the significance of the argument. Qualifications and complications enrich ideas and analysis. Development of ideas and support for claims deepen insight and broaden context. An integrated line of skillful reasoning and illustration effectively conveys the significance of the argument. Qualifications and complications enrich and bolster ideas and analysis. The 6 essays develops its ideas and support for those ideas more thoroughly and examines the implications of the ideas and support in a larger context. In addition, the complexity of the discussion for each examples strengthens the essay's argument and the analysis of the issue at hand. Organization The response exhibits a productive organizational strategy. The response is mostly unified by a controlling idea or purpose, and a logical sequencing of ideas contributes to the effectiveness of the argument. Transitions between and within paragraphs consistently clarify the relationships among ideas. The response exhibits a skillful organizational strategy. The response is unified by a controlling idea or purpose, and a logical progression of ideas increases the effectiveness of the writer’s argument. Transitions between and within paragraphs strengthen the relationships among ideas. The 6 essay is organized to enhance the logic and strength of the writer's argument, whereas the 5 essay is only organized clearly. Language Use The use of language works in service of the argument. Word choice is precise. Sentence structures are clear and varied often. Stylistic and register choices, including voice and tone, are purposeful and productive. While minor errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics may be present, they do not impede understanding. The use of language enhances the argument. Word choice is skillful and precise. Sentence structures are consistently varied and clear. Stylistic and register choices, including voice and tone, are strategic and effective. While a few minor errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics may be present, they do not impede understanding. The 6 essay is written extremely well, whereas the 5 essay is written pretty well. This means getting creative and using advanced vocabulary appropriately if you want a 6. Part III: Applying the Criteria in a Real ACT Essay Example Now we'll look at a sample essay and how it demonstrates the characteristics of the 6 essay above. First, let's look at the prompt: Intelligent Machines Many of the goods and services we depend on daily are now supplied by intelligent, automated machines rather than human beings. Robots build cars and other goods on assembly lines, where once there were human workers. Many of our phone conversations are now conducted not with people but with sophisticated technologies. We can now buy goods at a variety of stores without the help of a human cashier. Automation is generally seen as a sign of progress, but what is lost when we replace humans with machines? Given the accelerating variety and prevalence of intelligent machines, it is worth examining the implications and meaning of their presence in our lives. Perspective One: What we lose with the replacement of people by machines is some part of our own humanity. Even our mundane daily encounters no longer require from us basic courtesy, respect, and tolerance for other people. Perspective Two: Machines are good at low-skill, repetitive jobs, and at high-speed, extremely precise jobs. In both cases they work better than humans. This efficiency leads to a more prosperous and progressive world for everyone. Perspective Three: Intelligent machines challenge our long-standing ideas about what humans are or can be. This is good because it pushes both humans and machines toward new, unimagined possibilities. Write a unified, coherent essay about the increasing presence of intelligent machines. Now, read the ACT essay example below, and try to notice how it meets the criteria in the table above. From the simplest system of pulleys and ropes to the most complex supercomputer in the world today, machines have had (and continue to have) a profound influence on the development of humanity. Whether it is taking over monotonous, low-skill tasks or removing that messy â€Å"human† element from our day-to-day interactions, machines have answered the call to duty. The increasing prevalence of intelligent machines challenges us to change long held beliefs about our limitations and to continue forward to new and even more advanced possibilities. One common argument against the increased presence of machines in our day to day lives is that machines leach from us our basic humanity. Indeed, certain people whose only social interactions are anonymous text-based conversations with other anonymous Internet forum dwellers over computers may begin to lose basic human courtesy and empathy. This is crystal clear with a glance at the comments section of any popular news article. Yet mach ines are also capable of enhancing people’s abilities to communicate. An example of this can be found in Tod Machover’s lab at MIT, where breakthroughs in neurotechnology have made it possible for quadripalegics to manipulate text on computers with their minds. Such interactions would be impossible without the existence of intelligent machines. Therefore, I must disagree with Perspective one. Rather than losing part of our own humanity to machines, we instead make that most-essential-to-humanity of acts, communication, possible. Another school of thought (Perspective Two) argues that machines are good at how and high skill repetitive jobs, which leads to a more prosperous and progressive world for everyone. This can be seen in the human work hours that are saved daily with automated phone menus. Before intelligent machines made automatic telephone menus possible, every customer service call ate up valuable employee time. Now, menus allow callers to choose the number th at best suits their needs, routing calls to appropriate destinations without the need for human employees to waste time explaining for the hundredth time that â€Å"our business hours are 10am-6pm.† On the other hand, no mechanized system of this kind is perfect, because it can’t predict all future outcomes. In terms of automated telephone menus, this means that sometimes, no menu options are correct. While automated systems may take the burden off of human workers, it is a mistake to think that they can replace humans entirely. Why else would the last line of resort for most automated phone menus be â€Å"Dial â€Å"0† to speak to an operator/customer service representative?† Perspective Two is true, but it only goes so far. A final example will demonstrate how intelligent machines challenge longstanding ideas and push us towards new, unimagined possibilities (perspective three). At my high school, all students had to take diagnostic tests in every main subject to figure out our strengths and weaknesses, and we were then sorted into class by skill level. A truly remarkable pattern emerged as a result of this sorting: it turned out that every kid in my medium-level physics class was also a talented musician. The system that sorted us allowed us to find this underlying pattern, which changed the way our teachers taught us; we learned about mechanics through examples that were more relevant to our lives (answering questions like â€Å"how many pulleys are needed to lift a piano?†), which in turn made our classes both more enjoyable and also more effective. When before I had struggled with physics and simply assumed it was a subject I â€Å"wasn’t good at,† the intelligent, automated sorting system allowed me to discover that I could in fact understand mechanics if taught in the right way. This discovery pushed me toward previously unimagined academic possibilities. In conclusion, intelligent machines help us to mo ve forward as a species to greater heights. While machines can cause problems and may in some cases need human input to function optimally, it is how we react and adapt to the machines that is the real takeaway. This was a real essay written by me within the time limit.What do you think? Now let's look at an annotated version of this ACT essay example that points out the essay's features. What Makes This ACT Essay a 12, Rather Than an 8 or 10? Major Differences between a 5 and a 6 Essay (from table above) Sample Essay Ideas and Analysis The 6 essay gives a more specific and logically precise context. The thesis and argument show a deep understanding of the issue, while the analysis not only mentions, but also inspects the complexities and implications of the issue. The author clearly states her perspective and compares it to two other given perspectives, presenting both positive and negative aspects of the two perspectives she does not entirely agree with: "One common argument against the increased presence of machines in our day to day lives is that machines leach from us our basic humanity...Yet machines are also capable of enhancing people’s abilities to communicate." Development and Support The 6 essays develops its ideas and support for those ideas more thoroughly and examines the implications of the ideas and support in a larger context. In addition, the complexity of the discussion for each examples strengthens the essay's argument and the analysis of the issue at hand. The author gives both general statements... "Rather than losing part of our own humanity to machines, we instead make that most-essential-to-humanity of acts, communication, possible." ...and specific examples that discuss both sides of the perspectives: "...certain people whose only social interactions are anonymous text-based conversations with other anonymous Internet forum dwellers over computers may begin to lose basic human courtesy and empathy...[on the other hand,] breakthroughs in neurotechnology have made it possible for quadripalegics to manipulate text on computers with their minds." Organization The 6 essay is organized to enhance the logic and strength of the writer's argument, whereas the 5 essay is only organized clearly. The essay begins (after the introduction paragraph) by addressing opposing views and discussing their strengths and their limits. Then it goes on in paragraphs 4 to explain a final reason why intelligent machines challenge ideas about humanity and push us towards new possibilities. Language Use The 6 essay is written extremely well, whereas the 5 essay is written pretty well. This means getting creative and using advanced vocabulary appropriately if you want a 6. The "advanced" vocabulary is highlighted in blue. Sentence structure is varied, like here: "On the other hand, no mechanized system of this kind is perfect, because it can’t predict all future outcomes. In terms of automated telephone menus, this means that sometimes, no menu options are correct. While automated systems may take the burden off of human workers, it is a mistake to think that they can replace humans entirely. Why else would the last line of resort for most automated phone menus be â€Å"Dial â€Å"0† to speak to an operator/customer service representative?†" Considerations That Aren't Included in the ACT's Published Guidelines Length The essay is long enough to analyze and compare the author's perspective to other perspectives in a nuanced way (one positive example for each perspective with an addition negative example comparing the two perspectives the author disagreed to her own perspective) and include an introductory paragraph and a conclusion. While ACT, Inc. doesn't acknowledge that length is a factor in scoring ACT essays, most experts agree that it is. But length means nothing if there isn't valuable information filling the space, so long ACT essays also need to be detailed- this author uses the space to give lots of analysis of and context for her examples. Paragraph Breaks You may have noticed that the essay is broken up into multiple paragraphs (into the standard five-paragraph format, in fact). This makes the essay easier to read, especially for the ACT readers who have about two to three minutes to read (and score!) each essay. If your points can easily be split up into small parts, then it makes sense to split it up into even more paragraphs, as long as your essay's organization and logical progression remains clear. Content and Examples This essay uses a personal example, which may or may not be made up (spoiler alert: it is). But the point is that it could be made up, as can anything you use in your essay. Being able to think of examples (that are not too obviously made up) can give you a huge advantage on the ACT essay. Do's and Don'ts for a 12 ACT Essay The key to a perfect score on the ACT essay is to use every second of your time wisely. To this end, here are a few tips to avoid common time-wasters and put your energy where it will get you the most points. Do spend time: #1: Writing as much as you can without including repetitive or irrelevant information. #2: Revising the first and last paragraphs (they stand out in readers' minds). #3: Making sure you have transitions. Don't spend time: #1: Thinking of 'smart' sounding evidence- examples from your own life (or made up about your own life) are just as viable as current events, as long as you keep your example focused and concise. #2: Trying to correct every error- the grammar and spelling do not have to be perfect to score a 12 in the Language Use domain. #3: Adding as many vocabulary words as you can- you only need enough to avoid repeating the same basic words or phrases multiple times; you'll max out fancy vocab's potential at two words per paragraph. How To Practice Your Writing To Get A Perfect 12 In Each Domain Start with our list of ACT essay prompts. Create a list of evidence examples- from literature, history, or personal experience- that you can use for many or most prompt arguments. Practice first with extended time- 50 minutes- so you can get an idea of what it takes to get a top-scoring essay. Find a way to grade your essay, using the ACT Writing Rubric. If you can be objective about your writing, you can notice weak spots, especially if you ran out of time but know what to do. Otherwise, try to get help from an English teacher or a friend who's a better writer than you are. Start narrowing the time down to 40 minutes to mirror the actual test. Stay confident! The ACT essay is just like a puzzle- every time you do one, you get better at doing it. What's Next? Find out more about how to write an ACT essay with this step-by-step example. Use our analysis of the ACT Writing Rubric to learn about how your essay will be scored- and discover strategies you can use to get the score you want. Want to aim for perfection on the ACT with a 36? Read our guide on how to score a perfect ACT score, written by our resident 36 scorer. Make sure your ACT score is high enough for the schools you want to apply to. Find out how to find your ACT target score. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by ACT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Acid Mine essays

Acid Mine essays For hundreds, even thousands of years, human beings have mined for metals and stones, and with the advent of greater technology as well as greater needs, the demands for these resources continue to grow. While these resources benefit our lives in many ways, the effects of mining can be detrimental, and one such effect is the topic of this essay, acid mine drainage (A.M.D.). The causes of A.M.D. will be discussed, along with some of the physical and biological problems associated with it. Some prevention and remediation treatments will also be considered. Acid mine drainage refers to water (leachate, drainage or seepage) that has come into contact with oxidised rocks or overburden that contains sulphide material (coal, zinc, copper, lead). (Keller, 2000; U.S.G.S.; U.S.E.P.A., 2002). A common sulphide is pyrite, or iron disulfide (FeS2), and throughout this essay it will be pyrite that will be the primary sulphide considered. Acid mine drainage is not a new phenomenon, early mining techniques utilized gravity to avoid water pooling, resulting in the water becoming polluted by acid, iron, sulphur and aluminium (U.S.E.P.A., 2002). It is most commonly associated with coal mining, especially with soft coal, coal that has high sulphur content. The pyrite that is present in coal seams will be accessible after surface mining when the overlying surfaces are removed or in deep mines that allow oxygen access to the previously inaccessible pyrite-containing coal (D.E.P. 1, 1997). After pyrite is exposed to air and water, sulphuric acid and iron hydroxide are formed, creating an acidic runoff (D.E.P. 1, 1997; 2 2002). When the water comes into contact with the pyrite, the chemical reactions that take place causes the water to increase in pH which will dissolve heavy metals which stay in solution. However, when the pH levels reach a certain stage, the iron can then precipitate out, coating sediments with the characteristic yellow, red or orange...

The Career Opportunities in Various Fields and the Rise of Wealthy Essay

The Career Opportunities in Various Fields and the Rise of Wealthy Businessmen - Essay Example Getting a dream job is one of the many dreams of any undergraduate student. It is for such aspirations that people often pursue studies as undergraduate students in order to realize such dreams. However, pursuing undergraduate studies alone does not merit one to be qualified to chase their dream jobs. It is important for such students to understand the challenges one may expect in such careers. In our case, we shall be analyzing the challenges that affect modern careers and how their impact on our dream job. Additionally, we shall take a brief look in the dynamics of a managerial career in the twenty-first century and try to understand how they too can impact on our career choices. There is a tremendous change in management over the past several years. These dynamics have been brought about by changes in our work environment. In the past, managers had a daunting task or controlling their enterprises due to their complex nature and shrewd leadership styles. In most cases, the managers were the actual owners of the businesses he managed. However, a lot has changed in the 21st century. Managers now have to deal with a completely different work environment unlike before. To begin with, they need to undergo a rigorous training and recruitment exercise so as to determine if they are up to the task before-hand. Additionally, the burden of managers has been reduced through the introduction of assistants and other team leaders. These individuals work under the overall manager and report to him directly. Another important aspect to consider is the advancement of technology.

Information System Analysis (Case study) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information System Analysis (Case study) - Essay Example I will present the main system modeling design and overview. For this purpose I will use UML diagrams like that class diagram, data flow diagram, Context diagram, Use Case diagram. I will also present the detailed analysis of the system Decision Tree. The Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) will be main components of the system designing and modeling. The system of GB Manufacturing is going to computerize the overall system working and management of tasks. The aim of new system is to present the better system handling and management of employees and equipment. This new system will computerize the whole record of the tracking and maintenance of workers equipment and check in and check out. Here we will develop a main system databases that will record the system working and transaction. This database will store the data regarding the employees, their check in, check out, equipment and tools they take and skills. The main reason behind this system development is to computerize the overall working and tracking. This will reduce the working load and enhance the power of the workers and mangers to the effectively mange the project and working. This section will discuss the main components of the new system. These components will work as unit to mange the whole system working and tracking. This system will compose of following main components: I have accessed the above system working areas and found that these aspects are the main system modules those will perform main functionalize. The system will be a centralized system that will handle the working transaction and schedules of the employees working. Here we will pay attention on better modeling of the system scheduling aspect because this is the main working functionality of this system. In this section of the user modeling I will present the main system’s Context diagram that will demonstrate the working and behavior of the existing physical system. Then I will discuss about the 0 level

Substance abuse course Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Substance abuse course - Essay Example Many lives and families have been ruined due to alcoholism like in the case of Ben in the film under consideration. It is a common responsibility for each member of the society to face the menace of alcoholism as it translates to high cost in terms of loss of life and ill-health. The ensuing frustration from wasted life and loss of job sinks victims even deeper. This is evident in the movie which portrays Ben as having been abandoned by the wife and children, isolated by friends and eventually relocates to Las Vegas to drink to death. Finding a solution to this problem requires in-depth knowledge of the stages of its development. Understanding the source of the drinking habit can be attributed to genetic and social environment factors. However, there are appropriate measures that can help in prevention of the problem in respect of each cause. Initiation stage is critical in averting the possibility of addiction. Recovery also tends to be delicate since there are high chances of relapse. It is therefore important for the society to sustain the campaign against substance abuse. This calls for public-private partnership to consistently create awareness in attempts to mitigate the consequences of substance abuse in the

Immigration Reform Paper Essay Example for Free

Immigration Reform Paper Essay Illegal immigration into the United States has drastically increased throughout the twentieth century. There are millions of immigrants in our country who are currently living under the threat of deportation because of their undocumented status. The most considerable challenge for policymakers is distinguishing apparent immigration problems from authentic problems. Congressional members have taken an approach that focuses exclusively on border security, which has not been successful thus far. If Congress continues to pass laws without taking into consideration the fundamental contradictions of existing state affairs, then the state affairs will not undergo any change. In order to achieve results, an immigration reform must be comprehensive. The United States of America needs an immigration system that recognizes the hardships and contributions of the people migrating to the U.S., keeps families together here in this country, and creates a rational process of citizenship for new Americans. How we treat immigrants should reflect the values of fairness and equality that define the United States as a country. People come here for the promise of freedom and opportunity. However, immigrant workers are exploited and discriminated against. These so called â€Å"illegal aliens† happen to contribute to the development of our nation in many ways, such as paying taxes, creating new jobs by opening businesses, and making scientific discoveries that transform entire industries. For example, as of 2010, nearly five hundred companies had at least one founder who was an immigrant. These companies include ATT, Verizon, Kraft, Comcast, Intel, Google, Sun Microsystems, United States Steel, Qualcomm, eBay, Nordstrom, and Yahoo (â€Å"Immigration Reform† 1). Although it is true that immigrants do more contributing than anything else, many Americans refuse to believe in this fact. Usually, those seeking to reside in the United States are part of racial or ethnic groups that are minorities in this country. Therefore, anti-immigration views and behaviors are often affiliated with racism. This  effect is partially due to the fact that previous attempts to regulate immigration were based on racism or nativism. Procuring the participation of previously excluded groups is the key ending discrimination. Any policy that keeps family members apart for decades at a time should not be an American resolution. Due to our current immigration system, family members can sometimes wait ten to twenty years to be reunited with loved ones (Bruno 5). Our American values teach us that families are sacred and serve as the building block of our communities. Separating husbands from wives, sisters from brothers, and children from parents creates worthless suffering that negatively affects the prosperity of our communities. Immigrants who are waiting for the approval to come to the United States are not allowed to visit in the mean time, which means they cannot legally visit their family members who reside in the U.S. for many years. Lili Farhang, the co-director of Human Impact Partners, explains the importance of keeping families united with this statement: â€Å"The lives of children with undocumented immigrant parents or guardians in the United States are saturated with fear, fear that the people they love and depend on will be arrested and taken away from them at any moment without warning. Many of these children were born here and are U.S. citizens. But under current immigration policy, their families can be torn apart with an arrest and deportation with little regard for their wellbeing or futures† (Farhang 1). With that being said, it is clear that our country needs an immigration reform that maintains and protects family unity to reverse the damage caused by the current American policies. The United States immigration authorities often receive more visa applications than they can process within a reasonable amount of time. For the most part, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) reviews each application on a first come, first- served basis. If an immigrant is an applicant for a visa or green card that does not allow unlimited amounts to be given out each year, then a certain amount of waiting will be incorporated into the process. For example, if an individual is applying for a green card as the married child of an American citizen, then he or she is placed in the third preference category of  family-sponsored visas, and can expect to wait at least ten years before receiving a visa. There is nothing anyone can do about this except to carefully monitor the progress and notify the National Visa Center (NVC) of an address change. The possibility of an immigrant’s file being misplaced is also another important reason to track the changes in progress. This happens all too often, and many times the individual is not notified of the misplacement (Bray n.p.). Many Americans do not understand the immigration process and expect all immigrants to wait their turn in line for a green card or visa. However, what they also don’t understand is that for many people who have no college degree or close relatives who are U.S. citizens, there is absolutely no way for them to migrate into the U.S. legally without reform to the legal system. For individuals living in poverty and desperate to support their families, illegal immigration is the most appealing option. Therefore, enforcement policies should focus on establishing a safe and orderly system of entry into the United States once immigrants have met reasonable requirements, such as background checks or tax payments. Immigration policies affect all aspects of American society. In one way or another, regardless of their status, immigrants have always played an essential role in the growth and development of our nation. Immigrants have contributed an estimated ten billion dollars a year to America’s economic growth (Bray n.p.). The hard-working individuals who contribute to this country should be encouraged to standardize their status. Unfortunately, the immigrants in the United States are increasingly becoming targets of discrimination. Families are being torn apart and children are being forcibly separated from their parents. In consequence, our nation’s immigration policies must be consistent with the ideals of equality and freedom that defines the American people. â€Å"Works Cited† Bray, Iona. â€Å"Why Immigration Cases Take So Long.† AllLaw. Law Topics. Online posting. Bruno, Andorra. â€Å"Unauthorized Aliens In The United States: Policy Discussion.† Congressional Research Service, 8 May 2014. Web. 16 Apr. 2015. Farhang, Lili. â€Å" Family Unity, Family Health: How Family-Focused Immigration Reform Will Mean Better Health for Children and Families.† Human Impact Partners 22 June 2013. PFD file. Haugen, David. Illegal Immigration. MI: Greenhaven Press, 2011. Print. â€Å"Tackling the Toughest Questions on Immigration Reform.† Immigration Policy Center 29 Jul. 2013. PDF file.

Causes and Effects of Growing Terrorism

Causes and Effects of Growing Terrorism Chapter 1 Introduction The Threat from Terrorism There are very few humans in the world today who have not had their lives altered or affected in some way through terrorist acts or the threat from terrorism. The highly publicized terrorist attacks in the United States, London, Madrid, and Mumbai were seen worldwide and have lead to sweeping changes in the security postures of many western and developed nations, as well as to a multi-nation war in Afghanistan. For those that have not felt the direct effects by losing someone close to them, there are many life altering after-shocks have had global reach and thus have effected nearly everyone. Every person who uses public transportation, rides in a plane/train, or crosses an international border will feel the effects of international terrorism through vastly increased security measures. Terrorism has changed foreign policy for many nations and has lead to wars.[1] In all, terrorism is rewriting the geopolitical map as we see it now and in the decades to come, will continue to change t he world as we know it. Radical Militant Islamic Groups There are many religions and political factions that have terrorist cells. In fact, in this day and age, one would be hard pressed to find a country or religion that does not have some form of fundamental or radicalized terrorist group in its midst. Groups espousing terror find roots in Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism and Hinduism.[2] This being said, in recent times, the most dangerous threat to western and developed nations comes from the Radical Militant Islamic Groups. These Islamic Militants have not only local and national reach, but can project their influence regionally and even globally (as seen with Al Qaeda and Hezbollah), and thus will be the focus of this dissertation. Shifting Sands: Since as far back as history dates, there has been war between peoples. Sometimes these peoples were evenly matched, and the battles pitted large armies against one another. Yet at other times, the odds were heavily in favor of one side, and the lesser of these groups had to resort to non-traditional warfare to inflict losses on their enemy. Sometimes these attacks were focused on the enemys military, and sometimes these attacks were focused on the citizenry of the enemy nation. The enemies could be nation vs nation or sometimes they were nation vs a non-state actor group. The pendulum has swung back and forth throughout history as to what is the root of terrorist groups. With the emergence of Al Qaeda we have seen that in the present day the non-state actor terrorist groups have taken center stage, though this may be about to change. Attempt to predict the future This paper engages the probability of predicting the future of global terrorism. This is achieved by analyzing the history of the origins and conceptual changes of terrorism over years past and current trends of terrorism as seen through the data available from the terrorism scholars of today. Though terrorism is not a completely Islamic phenomena, this paper will focus on terrorism from Radical Militant Islamic Groups, as this is the most predominant form of terrorism seen in the present day. It will attempt to lay out the evolution of terrorism to give some basis for a review of the current most important trends in terrorism. It will discuss the origins of ethno-nationalist (or state sponsored) terrorism and further discuss how this has morphed into the new transnational (or non-state actor) terrorism of today. Finally the paper will set the stage for the prediction of a future shift back to state sponsored terrorism and outline the reasons why this is going to occur. Chapter II Evolution of Terrorism – Historical Roots Mr. Speaker, I agree with those who say that the Global War  on Terrorism is actually a Global War of Ideas and that  terrorism is one of the tactics used in that War. Mac Thornberry (US Congressman) P re-Modern World: 1st Century BC to the 13th Century The history of [6] 1793: The Origins of Modern Terrorism In 1793, following the French revolution, Maximilien Robespierre instigated a reign of terror on those who opposed the French revolution.[7] This reign of terror is conventionally known as the birthplace of the word Terrorism.[9] Robespierres sentiment is the keystone in the beliefs of many modern terrorists, who consider violence the best and most efficient way to get to their desired outcome. As decades passed, the categorization of terrorism as a state action has blurred, as the idea of terrorism as an attack against an existing political order became more prominent. 1950s: The Rise of Non-State Terrorism Terrorism in the 1950s got its start from the guerilla warfare tactics popular with many insurgent groups of the time. This rise of guerrilla tactics by non-state actors in the last half of the twentieth century was due to several factors. These included the blossoming of ethnic nationalism (e.g. Irish, Basque, Zionist), anti-colonial sentiments in the vast British, French and Dutch empires, and new ideologies such as communism. In near recent times, terrorist groups with nationalist agendas have sprung up in every part of the world. For example, the Irish Republican Army grew from the desire of Irish Catholics to form an independent republic, and break their ties with Great Britain.[10] Similarly, the Kurds, a distinct ethnic and linguistic group in Turkey, Syria, Iran and Iraq, have sought national autonomy since the beginning of the 20th Century.[13] 1970s: The International Turn of Terrorism International terrorism came to the forefront as a prominent issue in the late 1960s, when hijacking of large airliners became a favored tactic. In 1968, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine became the first group to hijack an aircraft.[18] 1990s: 21 st Century: The Rise of Religious Terrorism Though an argument can be made that the rise of religiously motivated terrorism got its modern day start in Iran and Afghanistan to counter the political issues of the Shah and the Soviet Union, it came to the forefront with many highly visible violent acts committed during the 1990s. Groups that justify their violence on Islamic grounds Al Qaeda, Hamas, and Hezbollah come to mind first. But Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism and other religions have given rise to their own forms of militant extremism.[19] In recent years RMIGs have taken center stage for their astoundingly violent acts perpetrated against the citizenry of non-Muslim cultures. Chapter III Trends in Terrorism When you give religiously inspired zealots weapons of mass destruction and you promise them that if they kill innocent people they will go to heaven, imagine what the consequences are. Major Changes are Ahead There are major changes coming to terrorism in the years ahead. These changes can be seen from the trends of today, and will deeply change the threat to marked nations by terrorists and the terms on which we must fight the war against RMIGs. The top trends that will influence the changes in Terrorism Globally are summarized below. Fertility rates will lead Western Countries to come under Islamic rule In contrast to the developing world, many industrialized countries are currently, or will soon, see fertility rates below the replacement level and hence significant declines in populations, excluding the effects of immigration[22] Militant Islam continues to grow in both membership and power It has been clear for years that many Islamic nations face severe problems with religious extremists who are dedicated to advancing their political, social, and ideological views by any means necessary.[23] Nearly all of the Muslim lands are overcrowded and short of resources. Many are poor, save for the oil-rich states of the Middle East.[27] The Terrorist Ranks Are Growing The post 9/11 invasion of Afghanistan that lead to the unseating of the Taliban regime deprived Al Qaeda of a safe haven, striking a major blow against the global terrorist movement, yet by not following up effectively on that initial success, a great deal of benefit that could have been solidified was squandered. Additionally, with the invasion of Iraq, Al Qaeda and its sympathizers now have new grounds from which they can unite their members and, more importantly, recruit new ones.[32] At the heart of the Middle East fundamentalist movement are the wahabists of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia has recently been forced to enact a program designed to keep Muslim men from going to Iraq to wage war against the coalition forces in a global jihad.[35] In this way, the foundation for terrorist cells are built which are independent of Al Qaeda but resolutely committed to the same objectives. Examples of this have been seen in the Madrid railway bombings which were carried out by Al Qaeda inspired Moroccan terrorist cell who were motivated by the Iraq invasion.[39] It is clear that RMIGs have significant sympathy among Europes Muslim population. The French riots of October and November 2005 affected at least twenty cities in that country, resulting in 2,888 arrests, leading to a further spill over of violence in Greece, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Denmark, and Switzerland.[40] It has been proven that Saudi Arabia continues to fund and maintain connections with a broad group of religious schools, stretching from Pakistan to New York, and from the Philippines to India.[44] Individuals from Europe and the Middle East are embracing the extremist teachings, traveling to Afghanistan, Kashmir and Iraq to fight, and returning to their own countries, with the rights of western citizens to carry the fight against the very nations they were born to. RMIGs Will Gain Access to Weapons of Mass Destruction It must be assumed that tomorrows terrorists will make every effort to ensure that they have more than unconventional amounts of conventional explosives with which to make their violent point.[46] Pakistan represents by far the greatest opportunity for would-be nuclear terrorists to become nuclear terrorists. If Muslim extremists cannot gain access to stolen weapons from the former Soviet Republics, Islamabad may be their provider. Thankfully, this seems not to be a guarantee that terrorists will use nuclear weapons against the potential western targets. RMIGs will most likely receive large, hard to conceal, low-yield devices that will be difficult to smuggle to their target. Though one can be certain that terrorist organizations will try anyway, other weapons of mass destruction (WMD) look to be a much more likely option. Clouds of toxic gas or incompletely weaponized bacteria could find their way into New York City, London or Paris. Even more likely is the chemical weapon threat. As the Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo, demonstrated in a Tokyo subway in 1995, chemical weapons are available to essentially anyone who wants them badly enough to put in a modest effort to make or buy them.[47] The Home Grown threat from Muslim extremists is on the rise A 1994 terrorism study by the US Department of Defense predicted that by 2020 a majority of the worlds most important Muslim lands could be controlled by extremist religious governments.[52] Beyond that, for the first time, an Islamic country, Pakistan, has nuclear weapons. As previously mentioned, Islamic extremists view this technology as an Islamic bomb that could be used to promote their apocalyptic ideology, making nuclear terrorism a realistic threat. This threat will grow as Iraq, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, and other countries establish fundamentalist regimes that are willing to back the cause of jihad against the West. Saudi Arabia is well on the path to be taken over by a fundamentalist regime, and to attempt to postpone this, the Saud family will continue to provide more support to extremists and endeavor to direct the RMIGs attention to the West.[53] The overthrow of the Taliban in Afghanistan and the war in Iraq have strengthened the global jihadist movement, given them a training ground and built up the contacts for future terrorist acts. The gap between the Haves and the Have Nots will continue to increase The growing gap in wealth between the rich and poor countries looks as if it will further destabilize the world order, continuing to encourage prospective RMIGs in the less developed nations to foment violence against the rich in their own countries, or when available against western targets. This rising gap in wealth within many prosperous nations has the possibility to set off discontent among the less well-off, possibly helping to inspire random violence and acts of domestic terrorism in the West. The growing gap in wealth and income between the rich and the poor also may inspire conversion to Islam in the West, principally among the underprivileged. As seen in England and Australia, this can be a source of violent extremism among both immigrant and native populations.[54] Population growth is highest in those countries least able to support the growth The greatest fertility rates are found in those countries least able to support their existing populations: the largest population increases projected between 2000 and 2050 include the Palestinian Territory (217 percent), Niger (205 percent), Yemen (168 percent), Angola (162 percent), the Democratic Republic of Congo (161 percent), and Uganda (133 percent).[55] The Muslim world is reproducing at an extremely high rate, with fertility rates of 7.5 in Afghanistan, 6.0 in Yemen, and 4.9 in Iraq.[57] Even these estimates appear to be on the low side. According to CSIS, most official projections underestimate both the fertility rates and age of mortality, as well as making the assumption that life expectancy will grow more slowly in the future, which seems unlikely as world healthcare only continues to get better. Growing Western prosperity relative to other countries with rapidly growing populations and overburdened economies will continue to make the developed nations a target for terrorism. Shortages of food could help to motivate extremism unless the industrialized nations make a determined, visible effort to provide for the worlds poor. (Food production in the next 40 years will need to be significantly higher then ever before in the worlds history to keep the exploding world population from starvation).[58] Urbanization, will continue to increase rapidly According to the Population Reference Bureaus 2006 World Population Data Sheet, Forty-eight percent of the worlds population currently lives in cities. By 2030 that figure is expected to grow to 60 percent, as approximately 2.1 billion more people move to the worlds urban centers.[59] In industrialized nations, on average, more than three-fourths of the population lives in urban areas (urban areas are defined differently for each country).[62] Right now, there are billions of people who live in urban areas who lack adequate clean water, shelter, toilets and hygiene areas, and/or electricity.[63] The problems this raises with reference to crime, violence, and religious extremism is readily apparent. Concentrating the poor, oppressed and powerless in large cloistered urban centers produces conditions ideal for the spread of crime and the type of religious extremism that lends itself to violent ideologies. Chapter IV Old Terrorism Any government that supports, protects or harbours terrorists is complicit in the murder of the innocent and equally guilty of terrorist crimes. George W. Bush Old Terrorism – Ethno -nationalist or Ideological, and state sponsored What are the differences between the legitimate tactics used by authorities in the quelling or defence of terrorism, and terrorism itself? Nations at times will use violence to control or manipulate parts of their populace, or use intimidation to get what they desire.[67] A government that is an adversary of Country B may apply terror tactics in an effort to make up for real or perceived inadequacies in conventional warfare capabilities. Repression through terror of the indigenous population of their own country may occur to stop the dissent or violent uprising inside the country that Country B might exploit. Special Operations forces, paramilitary forces and state intelligence assets could conduct terrorist operations against Country B interests both inter-regionally and as far outside the countries borders as the abilities of their external security apparatus will allow to destabilize Country B and bring desired visibility to the sponsoring governments issues. Finally, attacks on Country B on their home soil may be conducted by RMIGs of the state or by other domestic proxies.[68] This is being seen today in Iraq with the Iranian involvement to destabilize Iraq and kill coalition servicemen, as well as Pakistans efforts to destabilize the Jammu and K ashmir region of India. Forms of State Terror Governmental or State terror State involvement in terror State sponsorship of terrorism Turning a blind eye to the harboring/funding of terror groups in their borders[69] Governmental or State terror Governmental or State terror is normally seen when a regime uses threats or outright terror to its own populace to exert power over or suppress them.[73] These weapons were not used against the majority Muslim population in the southern 2/3 of Iraq, where he accomplished his goals using conventional state terror methods. State involvement in terror State involvement in terror includes the activities where government personnel perform operations using terror tactics that are directed against other nations interests, individuals or private groups that have opposing or controversial opinions/actions viewed as counter to that of the state. In essence, it is governmentally authorized terrorism, though these sanctions hardly ever come to public light. Some past examples of this governmentally authorized terrorism are the assassination include the Soviet and Iranian assassination operations aimed at state dissidents who moved abroad for fear of their lives. Additionally, the targeting and destroying (through a covert bombing campaign carried out by Libyan and North Korean intelligence officers) of international airliners was another past example of this form of terrorism.[75] A further form of state involvement in terror is pro-state terror. This is a terror campaign carried out by small groups or individual people who have no authorized status in the system. These type of attacks generally are lacking in official support as well. Pro-state terror may have the end result of a desired outcome which the government wants. In these cases, with official use of violent crime tacitly supported by the authorities, even though the groups or individuals have gone outside the rule of punishment of the terrorists is rare. State sponsorship of terrorism State sponsorship of terrorism, also referred to as state supported terrorism, represents a situation when non-state terrorist organizations are trained, equipped and operationalized by an authorized national governmental agency. A very productive aspects of this support is the providing of safe havens for terrorists organizations.[78] Examples of state sponsorship of terrorism are the overt support by the government of Syria to Hamas as well as Lebanons overt support and backing of Hezbollah. Syrian funding and the providing of safe havens facilitate many training areas in the Beka Valley territory.[81] Chapter V New Terrorism Terrorism is carried out purposefully, in a cold-blooded, calculated fashion. The declared goals of the terrorist may change from place to place. He supposedly fig problems his only solution is the demolition of the whole structure of society. No partial solution, not even the total redressing of the grievance he complains of, will satisfy him until our social system is destroyed or delivered into his hands. BENJAMIN NETANYAHU, International Terrorism New Terrorism – Transnational or Global Jihadism The first efforts to describe a new form of terrorism began to occur in the 1990s, when scholars of terrorism attempted to make sense of a phenomenon they were seeing that did not fit into the previous model of terrorism in the 1970s and 1980s. Attacks such as that of the religious cult Aum Shinrikyo did not make sense without a reconsideration of the old model. In reality, the term new terrorism truly came into its own only after the September 11, 2001 attacks.[82] In a short comparative of the new and old terrorism, it has been stated that: * The new terrorism is justified on religious and apocalyptic grounds, while the old terrorism was rooted in political ideology.[83] * The new terrorism aims at destruction as an end in itself, while the old terrorism used violent destruction as a means to a political end;[84] * The new terrorism is organizationally distinct from the old terrorism. It is hierarchical (has many equally authoritative points of leadership) and horizontal, rather than hierarchical and vertical; it is decentralized rather than centralized;[85] * The new terrorism aims at as much destruction as possible, whether through devastating forms of weaponry or techniques such as suicide terrorism, whereas the old terrorism sought to create a dramatic spectacle with as little damage as possible;[86] More recently, those who write about new terrorism have focused on a perceived new threat of mass casualties caused by chemical, biological or other agents.[89] On the counter point, when one looks holistically and historically at Terrorism, there seems to be no old or new terrorism, just a Darwinistic evolution of violence for political purposes. Even Martha Crenshaw, the noted terrorism expert who is a staunch advocate against the use of the term New Terrorism states the following in comparing and contrasting the goals, methods, and organization of New and Old Terrorism: Goals The new terrorism model assumes uniformly that religion, primarily of those groups with millennial and apocalyptic ideologies, is the main precipitating factor. The new terrorists are said to have ambiguous goals on the systemic level and to value destruction for its own sake (i.e., the means are the ends). By contrast, the old terrorism is seen as comprehensible, limited, more specific, and often tied to territory – thus making the grievance more susceptible to negotiation. How well does the new terrorism model fit the historical record? Crenshaw observes that the religion behind various groups (e.g., Aum Shinrikyo versus Al Qaeda) differs, as do their goals (i.e., local or global). She also notes that some of the old terrorist groups (e.g., the 19th century anarchists and the Red Army Faction) had broad, transnational goals.[90] Means According to the new terrorism model, groups seek to kill as many people as possible and are particularly drawn to weapons of mass destruction, whereas the old terrorism approach assumed that the groups were limited in their means as well as goals. Crenshaw acknowledged that the new terrorism model best fits with respect to this criterion. [91] Organization and structure The new terrorists are decentralized and networked, are inspiration-driven, and often include amateurs. By contrast, the old terrorists are centralized, top-down, professional organizations that are often state sponsored. The new terrorism distinction only partly meets this criterion as many of the old terrorist groups, such as the Red Army faction, were not so monolithic. The bottom line seems to lend itself to seeing terrorism as not new in kind, but in degree and structure.[92] The new terror groups of today (Al Qaeda being the most well known) center mainly around religion as a core for recruitment and promulgation of ideology. Islam is the religion of choice and has found a massive following in Middle Eastern Arab Muslims, especially the Wahabists of Saudi Arabia, but the splinter groups, or those groups loosely associated, have worldwide reach.[93] These organizations differ significantly from more traditional terrorist organizations of past decades. The groups of today do not depend on the sponsorship of a political state, and, unlike the PLO or the IRA, they are not defined by a particular conflict. Instead, these groups operate analogous to the businesses McDonalds or Starbucks. Al Qaeda is the franchise owner, providing financial and logistical support, as well as name recognition, to local, regional and transnational terrorist groups operating in such diverse places as the Philippines, Algeria, Eritrea, Afghanistan, Chechnya, Tajikistan, Somalia, Ye men, and Kashmir. Local groups may carry out acts in the name of al-Qaeda in order to bolster their own reputation—even if they are not receiving support from the organization. This is possible because the ideology that al Qaeda has developed and promulgated focuses their concepts to stress a few main tenants to ensure the survival and spread of the movement. Ensuring the perpetuity of the fight.[94] Obeying the individual obligation to fight Islams enemies regardless of the apparent outcome of battle[95] Institutionalizing a culture of martyrdom[96] Pinpointing Islams enemies through the refining process of jihad, and thus maintaining its identity[97] Establishing pride, brotherhood, and unity in the face of threats to the ummah[98] Creating a parity of suffering with Islams enemies—especially the Jews and Crusaders[99] Victory is seen in the maladies afflicting Gods enemies, especially economic recession and natural disasters[100] Observing miracles and dreams in jihad, which foretell of divine guidance and ultimate victory for the mujahedeen[101] As long as groups follow these main tenants, and focus their violence against the common enemy, then they are supporting the common cause. Due to this, Scott Atran argues that it is not religion, but group dynamics based off of social needs that fuels the Global Jihadist movement but small-group dynamics involving friends and family that form the diaspora cell of brotherhood and camaraderie on which the rising tide of martyrdom actions is based.[102] As mentioned by Crenshaw above, one of the main improvements of New terrorism is that of decentralized execution of actions that may or may not have been planned by some higher authority. As stated in the United States Air Force Defense Doctrine publication 1, Decentralized execution is, the delegation of execution authority to responsible and capable lower-level commanders to achieve effective span of control and to foster disciplined initiative, situational responsiveness, and tactical flexibility.[103] Chapter VI New Old Terrorism In todays wars, there are no morals. We believe the worst thieves in the world today and the worst terrorists are the Americans. We do not have to differentiate between military or civilian. As far as we are concerned, they are all targets. Osama Bin Laden Time magazine profile (16 September 2001) The Pendulum Swings Back For better or worse (and this author believes it is worsemuch worse) the pendulum is swinging back in the direction of state sponsored terrorism. For nations like Pakistan and Iran, the pendulum never moved, as these countries have been manning, training, equipping, and operationalizing terrorist groups for decades.[108] Iran has consistently been described by the United States as the worlds foremost state sponsor of terrorism. It actively supports terrorist groups, most prominently the Lebanese group Hezbollah.[115]. Iran and Hezbollah Hezbollah, a radical Shiite militia based in Lebanon, is a direct product of funding and training by Irans IRGC (QF). It was formally established in 1982 following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, aimed at uprooting the PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) bases there.[119] RMIG takeover of Islamic Nations For other nations that have not been wholly engaged in state sponsored terrorism, there are growing dangers as well. There are two types of new and developing state sponsored terrorism which may very soon roll a number of these nations into the terrorist state fold. The first one, unfortunately, we are all familiar with, as the most accurate example being the Al Qaeda infiltration of Afghanistan. After the Soviet Union finally withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989 the communist Afghani government hung on for three more years, and then was finally overrun by RMIGs.[121] These services and practical, day-to-day contributions to the lives of ordinary citizens will provide a legitimacy and underpinning for future political activities by terrorist organizations. This RMIG sponsored ground root social support, combined with the reality that in almost every country in the Muslim world, western focused terrorism already has the sympathy of a majority of the population and the strong allegiance o f many, will in the near future give rise to terrorist based governments in many middle-eastern countries. The second development in state sponsored terrorism is focused at the western nations, with Europe directly in the crosshairs and North America soon to follow. The most dangerous and most likely future development in the spread of terrorism is that caused by population growth and immigration of Muslims into western lands. The bottom line is that there is a near irreversible trend in the expansion of Islam into Europe and Canada.[125] In essence, Europe in the next 50 years will be of a very different demographic makeup as it is now. Of all population growth in the EU in the last 20 years, 90% has been from immigrants, much of which were Islamic.[126] In France, though the statistics vary, the Islamic fertility rate is considered much higher than the 1.8 of native Frenchmen, as Islamic immigrants make up only 7.5% of the population yet account for 20% of the fertility rate.[128] It is not just France. As of 2001, the Muslim population in Great Britain rose from 82,000 in 1991 to 1,600,000 (Estimated at 2,500,000 today).[131] Compared to the decline in population of a majority of the industrialized nations, The United States (thanks to Latino immigration) will maintain the current fertility rate of 2.11 children per couple, thus providing the body pool to maintain strength in the global economy, as the European Union falls to third place behind the United States and China.[132] Whether it be by overthrow in an unstable middle-eastern country, or out-breeding the populations of western nations, it can be assumed that RMIGs will gain control of (or at least strong influence over) a functioning country in the next half century. If the terrorists do gain control of a country with a fully functioning and stable government, the nature of the game changes drastically. When terrorists becomethe government, all terrorism is state-sponsored The nations wealth, scientists, laboratories and research facilities can be focused to develop weapons of mass destruction of all types for use in the global jihad. Even in the absence of WMD, by gaining the status and legitimacy of a national government, radical Islamists will present western and developed nations with a difficult problem. We have seen in Afghanistan and Pakistan the benefits that a sovereign safe-haven has provi Causes and Effects of Growing Terrorism Causes and Effects of Growing Terrorism Chapter 1 Introduction The Threat from Terrorism There are very few humans in the world today who have not had their lives altered or affected in some way through terrorist acts or the threat from terrorism. The highly publicized terrorist attacks in the United States, London, Madrid, and Mumbai were seen worldwide and have lead to sweeping changes in the security postures of many western and developed nations, as well as to a multi-nation war in Afghanistan. For those that have not felt the direct effects by losing someone close to them, there are many life altering after-shocks have had global reach and thus have effected nearly everyone. Every person who uses public transportation, rides in a plane/train, or crosses an international border will feel the effects of international terrorism through vastly increased security measures. Terrorism has changed foreign policy for many nations and has lead to wars.[1] In all, terrorism is rewriting the geopolitical map as we see it now and in the decades to come, will continue to change t he world as we know it. Radical Militant Islamic Groups There are many religions and political factions that have terrorist cells. In fact, in this day and age, one would be hard pressed to find a country or religion that does not have some form of fundamental or radicalized terrorist group in its midst. Groups espousing terror find roots in Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism and Hinduism.[2] This being said, in recent times, the most dangerous threat to western and developed nations comes from the Radical Militant Islamic Groups. These Islamic Militants have not only local and national reach, but can project their influence regionally and even globally (as seen with Al Qaeda and Hezbollah), and thus will be the focus of this dissertation. Shifting Sands: Since as far back as history dates, there has been war between peoples. Sometimes these peoples were evenly matched, and the battles pitted large armies against one another. Yet at other times, the odds were heavily in favor of one side, and the lesser of these groups had to resort to non-traditional warfare to inflict losses on their enemy. Sometimes these attacks were focused on the enemys military, and sometimes these attacks were focused on the citizenry of the enemy nation. The enemies could be nation vs nation or sometimes they were nation vs a non-state actor group. The pendulum has swung back and forth throughout history as to what is the root of terrorist groups. With the emergence of Al Qaeda we have seen that in the present day the non-state actor terrorist groups have taken center stage, though this may be about to change. Attempt to predict the future This paper engages the probability of predicting the future of global terrorism. This is achieved by analyzing the history of the origins and conceptual changes of terrorism over years past and current trends of terrorism as seen through the data available from the terrorism scholars of today. Though terrorism is not a completely Islamic phenomena, this paper will focus on terrorism from Radical Militant Islamic Groups, as this is the most predominant form of terrorism seen in the present day. It will attempt to lay out the evolution of terrorism to give some basis for a review of the current most important trends in terrorism. It will discuss the origins of ethno-nationalist (or state sponsored) terrorism and further discuss how this has morphed into the new transnational (or non-state actor) terrorism of today. Finally the paper will set the stage for the prediction of a future shift back to state sponsored terrorism and outline the reasons why this is going to occur. Chapter II Evolution of Terrorism – Historical Roots Mr. Speaker, I agree with those who say that the Global War  on Terrorism is actually a Global War of Ideas and that  terrorism is one of the tactics used in that War. Mac Thornberry (US Congressman) P re-Modern World: 1st Century BC to the 13th Century The history of [6] 1793: The Origins of Modern Terrorism In 1793, following the French revolution, Maximilien Robespierre instigated a reign of terror on those who opposed the French revolution.[7] This reign of terror is conventionally known as the birthplace of the word Terrorism.[9] Robespierres sentiment is the keystone in the beliefs of many modern terrorists, who consider violence the best and most efficient way to get to their desired outcome. As decades passed, the categorization of terrorism as a state action has blurred, as the idea of terrorism as an attack against an existing political order became more prominent. 1950s: The Rise of Non-State Terrorism Terrorism in the 1950s got its start from the guerilla warfare tactics popular with many insurgent groups of the time. This rise of guerrilla tactics by non-state actors in the last half of the twentieth century was due to several factors. These included the blossoming of ethnic nationalism (e.g. Irish, Basque, Zionist), anti-colonial sentiments in the vast British, French and Dutch empires, and new ideologies such as communism. In near recent times, terrorist groups with nationalist agendas have sprung up in every part of the world. For example, the Irish Republican Army grew from the desire of Irish Catholics to form an independent republic, and break their ties with Great Britain.[10] Similarly, the Kurds, a distinct ethnic and linguistic group in Turkey, Syria, Iran and Iraq, have sought national autonomy since the beginning of the 20th Century.[13] 1970s: The International Turn of Terrorism International terrorism came to the forefront as a prominent issue in the late 1960s, when hijacking of large airliners became a favored tactic. In 1968, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine became the first group to hijack an aircraft.[18] 1990s: 21 st Century: The Rise of Religious Terrorism Though an argument can be made that the rise of religiously motivated terrorism got its modern day start in Iran and Afghanistan to counter the political issues of the Shah and the Soviet Union, it came to the forefront with many highly visible violent acts committed during the 1990s. Groups that justify their violence on Islamic grounds Al Qaeda, Hamas, and Hezbollah come to mind first. But Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism and other religions have given rise to their own forms of militant extremism.[19] In recent years RMIGs have taken center stage for their astoundingly violent acts perpetrated against the citizenry of non-Muslim cultures. Chapter III Trends in Terrorism When you give religiously inspired zealots weapons of mass destruction and you promise them that if they kill innocent people they will go to heaven, imagine what the consequences are. Major Changes are Ahead There are major changes coming to terrorism in the years ahead. These changes can be seen from the trends of today, and will deeply change the threat to marked nations by terrorists and the terms on which we must fight the war against RMIGs. The top trends that will influence the changes in Terrorism Globally are summarized below. Fertility rates will lead Western Countries to come under Islamic rule In contrast to the developing world, many industrialized countries are currently, or will soon, see fertility rates below the replacement level and hence significant declines in populations, excluding the effects of immigration[22] Militant Islam continues to grow in both membership and power It has been clear for years that many Islamic nations face severe problems with religious extremists who are dedicated to advancing their political, social, and ideological views by any means necessary.[23] Nearly all of the Muslim lands are overcrowded and short of resources. Many are poor, save for the oil-rich states of the Middle East.[27] The Terrorist Ranks Are Growing The post 9/11 invasion of Afghanistan that lead to the unseating of the Taliban regime deprived Al Qaeda of a safe haven, striking a major blow against the global terrorist movement, yet by not following up effectively on that initial success, a great deal of benefit that could have been solidified was squandered. Additionally, with the invasion of Iraq, Al Qaeda and its sympathizers now have new grounds from which they can unite their members and, more importantly, recruit new ones.[32] At the heart of the Middle East fundamentalist movement are the wahabists of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia has recently been forced to enact a program designed to keep Muslim men from going to Iraq to wage war against the coalition forces in a global jihad.[35] In this way, the foundation for terrorist cells are built which are independent of Al Qaeda but resolutely committed to the same objectives. Examples of this have been seen in the Madrid railway bombings which were carried out by Al Qaeda inspired Moroccan terrorist cell who were motivated by the Iraq invasion.[39] It is clear that RMIGs have significant sympathy among Europes Muslim population. The French riots of October and November 2005 affected at least twenty cities in that country, resulting in 2,888 arrests, leading to a further spill over of violence in Greece, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Denmark, and Switzerland.[40] It has been proven that Saudi Arabia continues to fund and maintain connections with a broad group of religious schools, stretching from Pakistan to New York, and from the Philippines to India.[44] Individuals from Europe and the Middle East are embracing the extremist teachings, traveling to Afghanistan, Kashmir and Iraq to fight, and returning to their own countries, with the rights of western citizens to carry the fight against the very nations they were born to. RMIGs Will Gain Access to Weapons of Mass Destruction It must be assumed that tomorrows terrorists will make every effort to ensure that they have more than unconventional amounts of conventional explosives with which to make their violent point.[46] Pakistan represents by far the greatest opportunity for would-be nuclear terrorists to become nuclear terrorists. If Muslim extremists cannot gain access to stolen weapons from the former Soviet Republics, Islamabad may be their provider. Thankfully, this seems not to be a guarantee that terrorists will use nuclear weapons against the potential western targets. RMIGs will most likely receive large, hard to conceal, low-yield devices that will be difficult to smuggle to their target. Though one can be certain that terrorist organizations will try anyway, other weapons of mass destruction (WMD) look to be a much more likely option. Clouds of toxic gas or incompletely weaponized bacteria could find their way into New York City, London or Paris. Even more likely is the chemical weapon threat. As the Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo, demonstrated in a Tokyo subway in 1995, chemical weapons are available to essentially anyone who wants them badly enough to put in a modest effort to make or buy them.[47] The Home Grown threat from Muslim extremists is on the rise A 1994 terrorism study by the US Department of Defense predicted that by 2020 a majority of the worlds most important Muslim lands could be controlled by extremist religious governments.[52] Beyond that, for the first time, an Islamic country, Pakistan, has nuclear weapons. As previously mentioned, Islamic extremists view this technology as an Islamic bomb that could be used to promote their apocalyptic ideology, making nuclear terrorism a realistic threat. This threat will grow as Iraq, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, and other countries establish fundamentalist regimes that are willing to back the cause of jihad against the West. Saudi Arabia is well on the path to be taken over by a fundamentalist regime, and to attempt to postpone this, the Saud family will continue to provide more support to extremists and endeavor to direct the RMIGs attention to the West.[53] The overthrow of the Taliban in Afghanistan and the war in Iraq have strengthened the global jihadist movement, given them a training ground and built up the contacts for future terrorist acts. The gap between the Haves and the Have Nots will continue to increase The growing gap in wealth between the rich and poor countries looks as if it will further destabilize the world order, continuing to encourage prospective RMIGs in the less developed nations to foment violence against the rich in their own countries, or when available against western targets. This rising gap in wealth within many prosperous nations has the possibility to set off discontent among the less well-off, possibly helping to inspire random violence and acts of domestic terrorism in the West. The growing gap in wealth and income between the rich and the poor also may inspire conversion to Islam in the West, principally among the underprivileged. As seen in England and Australia, this can be a source of violent extremism among both immigrant and native populations.[54] Population growth is highest in those countries least able to support the growth The greatest fertility rates are found in those countries least able to support their existing populations: the largest population increases projected between 2000 and 2050 include the Palestinian Territory (217 percent), Niger (205 percent), Yemen (168 percent), Angola (162 percent), the Democratic Republic of Congo (161 percent), and Uganda (133 percent).[55] The Muslim world is reproducing at an extremely high rate, with fertility rates of 7.5 in Afghanistan, 6.0 in Yemen, and 4.9 in Iraq.[57] Even these estimates appear to be on the low side. According to CSIS, most official projections underestimate both the fertility rates and age of mortality, as well as making the assumption that life expectancy will grow more slowly in the future, which seems unlikely as world healthcare only continues to get better. Growing Western prosperity relative to other countries with rapidly growing populations and overburdened economies will continue to make the developed nations a target for terrorism. Shortages of food could help to motivate extremism unless the industrialized nations make a determined, visible effort to provide for the worlds poor. (Food production in the next 40 years will need to be significantly higher then ever before in the worlds history to keep the exploding world population from starvation).[58] Urbanization, will continue to increase rapidly According to the Population Reference Bureaus 2006 World Population Data Sheet, Forty-eight percent of the worlds population currently lives in cities. By 2030 that figure is expected to grow to 60 percent, as approximately 2.1 billion more people move to the worlds urban centers.[59] In industrialized nations, on average, more than three-fourths of the population lives in urban areas (urban areas are defined differently for each country).[62] Right now, there are billions of people who live in urban areas who lack adequate clean water, shelter, toilets and hygiene areas, and/or electricity.[63] The problems this raises with reference to crime, violence, and religious extremism is readily apparent. Concentrating the poor, oppressed and powerless in large cloistered urban centers produces conditions ideal for the spread of crime and the type of religious extremism that lends itself to violent ideologies. Chapter IV Old Terrorism Any government that supports, protects or harbours terrorists is complicit in the murder of the innocent and equally guilty of terrorist crimes. George W. Bush Old Terrorism – Ethno -nationalist or Ideological, and state sponsored What are the differences between the legitimate tactics used by authorities in the quelling or defence of terrorism, and terrorism itself? Nations at times will use violence to control or manipulate parts of their populace, or use intimidation to get what they desire.[67] A government that is an adversary of Country B may apply terror tactics in an effort to make up for real or perceived inadequacies in conventional warfare capabilities. Repression through terror of the indigenous population of their own country may occur to stop the dissent or violent uprising inside the country that Country B might exploit. Special Operations forces, paramilitary forces and state intelligence assets could conduct terrorist operations against Country B interests both inter-regionally and as far outside the countries borders as the abilities of their external security apparatus will allow to destabilize Country B and bring desired visibility to the sponsoring governments issues. Finally, attacks on Country B on their home soil may be conducted by RMIGs of the state or by other domestic proxies.[68] This is being seen today in Iraq with the Iranian involvement to destabilize Iraq and kill coalition servicemen, as well as Pakistans efforts to destabilize the Jammu and K ashmir region of India. Forms of State Terror Governmental or State terror State involvement in terror State sponsorship of terrorism Turning a blind eye to the harboring/funding of terror groups in their borders[69] Governmental or State terror Governmental or State terror is normally seen when a regime uses threats or outright terror to its own populace to exert power over or suppress them.[73] These weapons were not used against the majority Muslim population in the southern 2/3 of Iraq, where he accomplished his goals using conventional state terror methods. State involvement in terror State involvement in terror includes the activities where government personnel perform operations using terror tactics that are directed against other nations interests, individuals or private groups that have opposing or controversial opinions/actions viewed as counter to that of the state. In essence, it is governmentally authorized terrorism, though these sanctions hardly ever come to public light. Some past examples of this governmentally authorized terrorism are the assassination include the Soviet and Iranian assassination operations aimed at state dissidents who moved abroad for fear of their lives. Additionally, the targeting and destroying (through a covert bombing campaign carried out by Libyan and North Korean intelligence officers) of international airliners was another past example of this form of terrorism.[75] A further form of state involvement in terror is pro-state terror. This is a terror campaign carried out by small groups or individual people who have no authorized status in the system. These type of attacks generally are lacking in official support as well. Pro-state terror may have the end result of a desired outcome which the government wants. In these cases, with official use of violent crime tacitly supported by the authorities, even though the groups or individuals have gone outside the rule of punishment of the terrorists is rare. State sponsorship of terrorism State sponsorship of terrorism, also referred to as state supported terrorism, represents a situation when non-state terrorist organizations are trained, equipped and operationalized by an authorized national governmental agency. A very productive aspects of this support is the providing of safe havens for terrorists organizations.[78] Examples of state sponsorship of terrorism are the overt support by the government of Syria to Hamas as well as Lebanons overt support and backing of Hezbollah. Syrian funding and the providing of safe havens facilitate many training areas in the Beka Valley territory.[81] Chapter V New Terrorism Terrorism is carried out purposefully, in a cold-blooded, calculated fashion. The declared goals of the terrorist may change from place to place. He supposedly fig problems his only solution is the demolition of the whole structure of society. No partial solution, not even the total redressing of the grievance he complains of, will satisfy him until our social system is destroyed or delivered into his hands. BENJAMIN NETANYAHU, International Terrorism New Terrorism – Transnational or Global Jihadism The first efforts to describe a new form of terrorism began to occur in the 1990s, when scholars of terrorism attempted to make sense of a phenomenon they were seeing that did not fit into the previous model of terrorism in the 1970s and 1980s. Attacks such as that of the religious cult Aum Shinrikyo did not make sense without a reconsideration of the old model. In reality, the term new terrorism truly came into its own only after the September 11, 2001 attacks.[82] In a short comparative of the new and old terrorism, it has been stated that: * The new terrorism is justified on religious and apocalyptic grounds, while the old terrorism was rooted in political ideology.[83] * The new terrorism aims at destruction as an end in itself, while the old terrorism used violent destruction as a means to a political end;[84] * The new terrorism is organizationally distinct from the old terrorism. It is hierarchical (has many equally authoritative points of leadership) and horizontal, rather than hierarchical and vertical; it is decentralized rather than centralized;[85] * The new terrorism aims at as much destruction as possible, whether through devastating forms of weaponry or techniques such as suicide terrorism, whereas the old terrorism sought to create a dramatic spectacle with as little damage as possible;[86] More recently, those who write about new terrorism have focused on a perceived new threat of mass casualties caused by chemical, biological or other agents.[89] On the counter point, when one looks holistically and historically at Terrorism, there seems to be no old or new terrorism, just a Darwinistic evolution of violence for political purposes. Even Martha Crenshaw, the noted terrorism expert who is a staunch advocate against the use of the term New Terrorism states the following in comparing and contrasting the goals, methods, and organization of New and Old Terrorism: Goals The new terrorism model assumes uniformly that religion, primarily of those groups with millennial and apocalyptic ideologies, is the main precipitating factor. The new terrorists are said to have ambiguous goals on the systemic level and to value destruction for its own sake (i.e., the means are the ends). By contrast, the old terrorism is seen as comprehensible, limited, more specific, and often tied to territory – thus making the grievance more susceptible to negotiation. How well does the new terrorism model fit the historical record? Crenshaw observes that the religion behind various groups (e.g., Aum Shinrikyo versus Al Qaeda) differs, as do their goals (i.e., local or global). She also notes that some of the old terrorist groups (e.g., the 19th century anarchists and the Red Army Faction) had broad, transnational goals.[90] Means According to the new terrorism model, groups seek to kill as many people as possible and are particularly drawn to weapons of mass destruction, whereas the old terrorism approach assumed that the groups were limited in their means as well as goals. Crenshaw acknowledged that the new terrorism model best fits with respect to this criterion. [91] Organization and structure The new terrorists are decentralized and networked, are inspiration-driven, and often include amateurs. By contrast, the old terrorists are centralized, top-down, professional organizations that are often state sponsored. The new terrorism distinction only partly meets this criterion as many of the old terrorist groups, such as the Red Army faction, were not so monolithic. The bottom line seems to lend itself to seeing terrorism as not new in kind, but in degree and structure.[92] The new terror groups of today (Al Qaeda being the most well known) center mainly around religion as a core for recruitment and promulgation of ideology. Islam is the religion of choice and has found a massive following in Middle Eastern Arab Muslims, especially the Wahabists of Saudi Arabia, but the splinter groups, or those groups loosely associated, have worldwide reach.[93] These organizations differ significantly from more traditional terrorist organizations of past decades. The groups of today do not depend on the sponsorship of a political state, and, unlike the PLO or the IRA, they are not defined by a particular conflict. Instead, these groups operate analogous to the businesses McDonalds or Starbucks. Al Qaeda is the franchise owner, providing financial and logistical support, as well as name recognition, to local, regional and transnational terrorist groups operating in such diverse places as the Philippines, Algeria, Eritrea, Afghanistan, Chechnya, Tajikistan, Somalia, Ye men, and Kashmir. Local groups may carry out acts in the name of al-Qaeda in order to bolster their own reputation—even if they are not receiving support from the organization. This is possible because the ideology that al Qaeda has developed and promulgated focuses their concepts to stress a few main tenants to ensure the survival and spread of the movement. Ensuring the perpetuity of the fight.[94] Obeying the individual obligation to fight Islams enemies regardless of the apparent outcome of battle[95] Institutionalizing a culture of martyrdom[96] Pinpointing Islams enemies through the refining process of jihad, and thus maintaining its identity[97] Establishing pride, brotherhood, and unity in the face of threats to the ummah[98] Creating a parity of suffering with Islams enemies—especially the Jews and Crusaders[99] Victory is seen in the maladies afflicting Gods enemies, especially economic recession and natural disasters[100] Observing miracles and dreams in jihad, which foretell of divine guidance and ultimate victory for the mujahedeen[101] As long as groups follow these main tenants, and focus their violence against the common enemy, then they are supporting the common cause. Due to this, Scott Atran argues that it is not religion, but group dynamics based off of social needs that fuels the Global Jihadist movement but small-group dynamics involving friends and family that form the diaspora cell of brotherhood and camaraderie on which the rising tide of martyrdom actions is based.[102] As mentioned by Crenshaw above, one of the main improvements of New terrorism is that of decentralized execution of actions that may or may not have been planned by some higher authority. As stated in the United States Air Force Defense Doctrine publication 1, Decentralized execution is, the delegation of execution authority to responsible and capable lower-level commanders to achieve effective span of control and to foster disciplined initiative, situational responsiveness, and tactical flexibility.[103] Chapter VI New Old Terrorism In todays wars, there are no morals. We believe the worst thieves in the world today and the worst terrorists are the Americans. We do not have to differentiate between military or civilian. As far as we are concerned, they are all targets. Osama Bin Laden Time magazine profile (16 September 2001) The Pendulum Swings Back For better or worse (and this author believes it is worsemuch worse) the pendulum is swinging back in the direction of state sponsored terrorism. For nations like Pakistan and Iran, the pendulum never moved, as these countries have been manning, training, equipping, and operationalizing terrorist groups for decades.[108] Iran has consistently been described by the United States as the worlds foremost state sponsor of terrorism. It actively supports terrorist groups, most prominently the Lebanese group Hezbollah.[115]. Iran and Hezbollah Hezbollah, a radical Shiite militia based in Lebanon, is a direct product of funding and training by Irans IRGC (QF). It was formally established in 1982 following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, aimed at uprooting the PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) bases there.[119] RMIG takeover of Islamic Nations For other nations that have not been wholly engaged in state sponsored terrorism, there are growing dangers as well. There are two types of new and developing state sponsored terrorism which may very soon roll a number of these nations into the terrorist state fold. The first one, unfortunately, we are all familiar with, as the most accurate example being the Al Qaeda infiltration of Afghanistan. After the Soviet Union finally withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989 the communist Afghani government hung on for three more years, and then was finally overrun by RMIGs.[121] These services and practical, day-to-day contributions to the lives of ordinary citizens will provide a legitimacy and underpinning for future political activities by terrorist organizations. This RMIG sponsored ground root social support, combined with the reality that in almost every country in the Muslim world, western focused terrorism already has the sympathy of a majority of the population and the strong allegiance o f many, will in the near future give rise to terrorist based governments in many middle-eastern countries. The second development in state sponsored terrorism is focused at the western nations, with Europe directly in the crosshairs and North America soon to follow. The most dangerous and most likely future development in the spread of terrorism is that caused by population growth and immigration of Muslims into western lands. The bottom line is that there is a near irreversible trend in the expansion of Islam into Europe and Canada.[125] In essence, Europe in the next 50 years will be of a very different demographic makeup as it is now. Of all population growth in the EU in the last 20 years, 90% has been from immigrants, much of which were Islamic.[126] In France, though the statistics vary, the Islamic fertility rate is considered much higher than the 1.8 of native Frenchmen, as Islamic immigrants make up only 7.5% of the population yet account for 20% of the fertility rate.[128] It is not just France. As of 2001, the Muslim population in Great Britain rose from 82,000 in 1991 to 1,600,000 (Estimated at 2,500,000 today).[131] Compared to the decline in population of a majority of the industrialized nations, The United States (thanks to Latino immigration) will maintain the current fertility rate of 2.11 children per couple, thus providing the body pool to maintain strength in the global economy, as the European Union falls to third place behind the United States and China.[132] Whether it be by overthrow in an unstable middle-eastern country, or out-breeding the populations of western nations, it can be assumed that RMIGs will gain control of (or at least strong influence over) a functioning country in the next half century. If the terrorists do gain control of a country with a fully functioning and stable government, the nature of the game changes drastically. When terrorists becomethe government, all terrorism is state-sponsored The nations wealth, scientists, laboratories and research facilities can be focused to develop weapons of mass destruction of all types for use in the global jihad. Even in the absence of WMD, by gaining the status and legitimacy of a national government, radical Islamists will present western and developed nations with a difficult problem. We have seen in Afghanistan and Pakistan the benefits that a sovereign safe-haven has provi